This paper presents an improved cluster validation scheme called two phase cluster validation (TPCV) and aims to estimate the inter closeness and inter separation among the clusters in the cluster set of unsupervised clustering schemes based on probability measure for validating the cluster quality without prior identification. First phase, the TPCV computes the representative cluster centroid of each individual cluster in the cluster set based on standard mean operation and then it estimates the probability of inter closeness of each cluster with other clusters in the cluster set based on cluster centroid. Next phase, it calculates the probability of separation among the clusters in the cluster set based on cluster centroid by distance measure. Experimental results show that the TPCV scheme is simple and effective to estimate the cluster quality by measuring the probability of closeness and separation between the clusters in the result of unsupervised clustering scheme.
This article discusses the design of a weather station device that also functions to measure the concentration of gases in the air. This real-time telemetry device based on the internet of things (IoT) uses the ESP32 board to process measurement data. Some of the weather parameters measured are wind speed, wind direction, humidity, ambient air temperature, air pressure, rainfall, and ultraviolet (UV) index. Meanwhile, the gas concentration parameters in the air are ozone, hydrogen, methane, ammonia, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The readings from all sensors are processed by the ESP32 board and uploaded to the server. Then a client device will receive the data set and then processed, displayed on the monitor, and stored in the form of a text file. Furthermore, the monitor and the data are used for the analysis of the surrounding air quality and weather conditions.
The use of solar PV system in Indonesia has expanded to various field and area. One example is residential buildings in urban areas. This article discusses calculation methods for designing a solar power generation system that is applied to residential buildings, such as homes, offices, or colleges. Electricity generated from the solar home system (SHS) is used to support many kinds of electrical equipments, where the electrical equipments are used by building occupants in their daily life. The calculation method is considered from the potential of solar energy and the reliability of the on-site system to generate electricity. The system is designed in an off-grid topology by exchanging connections with the public electricity grid owned by PLN. Calculation results shows that this SHS has a generation capacity of 1 kWp, 24 V 300 Ah battery storage, and a 200 W inverter. This SHS can reduce electricity usage in this sector by 18.2 kWh in average every month.
This article discusses the design of a hydroponic planting process monitoring system based on the internet of things. This device uses an ESP32 microcontroller board as the main controller. The parameters that were monitored and acquired were the conditions of the hydroponic growing media. Those parameters are; water pH, water temperature, water turbidity level, and ambient air temperature and humidity. The five parameters are measured by analog sensors integrated with the ESP32. These parameters affect the growth process and the quality of crop yields. This article also describes the calibration method for each sensor used for parameter measurement. Then the monitoring of these parameters is carried out by utilizing a real-time database, namely Google Firebase. This platform is very suitable for all IoT-based monitoring and control applications. Measurement result data is uploaded and saved to the real-time database. Then paired by Android-based applications. This application was created to be used by hydroponic farmers who use this device. Thus the results of monitoring can be used to optimize the process of growing hydroponic plants.
This article discusses devising an IoT system to monitor weather parameters and gas pollutants in the air along with anHTML web-based application. Weather parameters measured include; speed and direction of the wind, rainfall, air temperature and humidity, barometric pressure, and UV index. On the other side, the gases measured are; ammonia, hydrogen, methane, ozone, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. This article is introducing a technique to send all parameter data. All parameters read by each sensor are converted into a string then joined into a string dataset, where this dataset is sent to the server periodically. On the UI side, the dataset that has been downloaded from the server-parsed for processing and then displayed. This system uses Google Firebase as a real-time database server for sensor data. Also, using the GitHub platform as a web hosting. The web application uses the HTML programming platform. The results of this study indicate that the device operates successfully to provide information about the weather and gases condition as real-time data.
Measurement of fluid level in steam valves should require precise values. The instrument designed in this article is used to find out how precise the limit switch is used as an indicator control valve at certain points. The measurement technique will be implemented on a control valve on the geothermal power plant. This device is using the Arduino Due board as a data processor and modified the data signal of the vernier caliper to measure the valve opening. The TFT LCD layer is used to display the measurement and calibration results. The test results of this device indicate that this device has an accuracy level of more than 99%.
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