This paper presents studies on the state of agricultural land in the first agro-climatic Stavropol territory, and on the basis of this forest reclamation measures for effective and rational use have been developed. The specialization of agriculture is sheep breeding and cultivation of winter wheat and winter and spring barley. For this agro-climatic zone, only one type of crop rotation is suitable – grain-steam. In the structure of acreage, pure steam reaches 40%, which has a very negative impact on the quality of arable land. Protective forest stands play an important role in protecting agricultural land from the negative effects of water and wind erosion. At present, the total area of protective plantations on the lands of the I agro-climatic zone is 22730 hectares or 1.81% of the area of agricultural land, at least 2.5% is necessary.
The Caspian lowland desert is a plain slightly inclined to the Caspian Sea, which covers an area of 2,148,648 hectares and is divided into northern, more arid, with semi-desert landscapes (Nogai Steppe) and middle that covers the deltas of the Terek and the Sulak. These territories are routinely used for animal husbandry with a forage base to be attributed to climate conditions. In recent decades, there has been a widespread rise in air temperature with different trends in precipitation. These trends are estimated based on the datasets from the Makhachkala and Lagan meteorological stations for 1960–2018. Despite the current climate changes, the conditions for heat and moisture availability to support the vegetation period estimated by the hydrothermal coefficient generally remain quite stable and sometimes even more enabling for a sustainable forage base to be formed in the region.
A study area covers Ninh Binh Province as a whole that has 67.125 hectares of agricultural land, including 55.125 hectares of arable land. Ninh Binh has 13 major drainage basins. Water resources are unevenly distributed across the catchment areas. Due to a dense drainage system, every year Ninh Binh is hit by heavy flooding during the wet season. With a total length of all channels and a lock-weir network, just 22.4 % of channels are concrete lined, i.e. only every fourth kilometer of channels is concreted, thus leading to high irrigation losses. To tackle current challenges related to the effective use of irrigation systems in Ninh Binh, it is necessary to organize annual inspections and assessments of the current state of water supply networks, irrigation systems, etc.
North Caucasian Federal District is made up of seven constituent entities. In terms of physical and geographical conditions predominately differentiated by the topography of an area, the territory of the region is grouped around two large areas – plain and mountainous. Most of the territory of the District is characterized by slopes of up to 5°, which occupy an area of 114,101 km2, or 66.9 %. The highlands of up to 500 m are most favorable for agricultural development in Stavropol Krai, Dagestan and Chechnya. The large low-plain areas with relatively high elevation points contribute to the formation of homogeneous microclimatic factors, and, consequently, agricultural methods.
Aim. Assessment of modern climatic and corresponding cartographic changes in the territory of the North Caucasus for its effective use. Methods. Assessment of the impact of climatic changes and their consequences from the point of view of the conditions of heat and moisture availability of the growing season on the biological productivity of the region, and on this basis the creation of maps of the dynamics of agro-climatic conditions. Results. The areas of territories with different humidity conditions vary quite significantly over time. Thus, the dry zone of the North Caucasus can almost completely disappear in some years, while other humidity zones are much more stable. The territories where the most arid conditions can be observed have the minimum area for the entire period of time under consideration. Recent changes have led to a reduction in forest-steppe conditions due to an increase in the area of steppe and dry steppe, which can also be attributed to an improvement in climatic conditions for the production of grain crops.
Conclusion.Our research has shown that the territory of the North Caucasus is characterized by a rather significant variability in the conditions of heat and moisture supply during the active vegetation period, which leads to the fact that steppe conditions began to prevail in most of the Western and Central Caucasus, and this favors an increase in grain yields.
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