The microelement composition (Pb, V, Cr, Zn, Mn, Cu) of the mountain-podzolic brown earth soils of the Chornohir and Marmarо reserve massifs of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve was determined: background, under wet and dry moss (Sphagnum palustre L.). The increased content of trace elements (Cu, V, Zn, Mn) in the upper soil layer of the Chornohir massif was determined, which is explained by the presence of a clay component, and the lower content in the Marmaros massif — the presence of carbonates. Ranked series were constructed by the dispersion coefficient of microelements in soils covered with wet and dry moss Sphagnum palustre L. It was established that the soil under dry moss is practically not depleted of microelements, but in the presence of rains it becomes wet again and the sorption process resumes. It was found that the soils under the wet moss of the Chornohir massif are most depleted in Mn, Cu, and Zn; and the Marmaros massif — Mn, Pb, and V. The geochemical behavior of the studied microelements in soils under wet moss was analyzed. It was concluded that wet moss has a selective ion exchange, is a geochemical barrier, and that is why lithochemical search and monitoring works should be carried out in the areas covered with wet moss, taking into account the established features.
The results of studies of chemical pollution (Pb, Zn) of perennial grasses—Elymus repens L., Artemisia absinthium L., and Hypericum perforatum L.—on background plots and within the areas of impact of industrial enterprises in Kropyvnytskyi (Ukraine) are presented. It is noted that chemical pollution is the most dangerous. The activity of enterprises is considered, in the result of which heavy metals enter the air. Testing of plants (stems and leaves) was carried out at a distance of 10–100 m from the enterprises. The content of heavy metals in the aboveground part of plants was analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer in the laboratory of the Department of Exploratory and Ecological Geochemistry, IGMR NAS of Ukraine. The comparison of sorption properties of different plants in the same phases of development allowed plants with bioindication capabilities to be identified. The results of the analysis showed that plants most effectively accumulate the maximum amount of heavy metals from the atmospheric air at the end of the summer dormancy phase (second half of August). At this time the plant requires the minimum amount of nutrients that it takes from the soil. Stems and leaves of perennial grasses actively accumulate aerosols and fine dust on their surface due to plant secretions with the formation of a mucous film that actively adsorbs heavy metal ions. The background, minimum, and maximum content of heavy metals in plants is determined. Comparing the content of heavy metals in plant samples in the background and study plots, it was found that E. repens near industrial enterprises is the most effective bioindicator of air pollution. In order to determine the level of atmospheric air pollution using bioindication methods, the index of plant contamination (Sр) was proposed, which is the ratio of concentration coefficient of heavy metals and their amount. An assessment scale for atmospheric air pollution with heavy metals has been developed based on the contamination index (Sр) of bioindicator plants: the degree of pollution is 1–3—weak, 3–6—medium, 6–9—strong, more than 9—very strong. The proposed coefficients allow for conducting a situational assessment of atmospheric air pollution with heavy metals using bioindication methods.
The results of research into the sources of carbon dioxide underground water within the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (CBR) are presented. According to the results of statistical processing of the results of the analysis of the chemical composition of water, the limits of the content of the components of the salt composition — SO42–, Cl–, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3–, Na++K+, mineralization, pH value, temperature, as well as СО2 and a comparison with known mineral carbon dioxide were established the waters of the Caucasus — Arzni, Narzan, Borjomi. Possible sources of carbon dioxide inflow into groundwater are given. It has been established that the source of the Kveliv forestry of the Chornohirsky massif of the CBR is similar to the carbonated mineral waters of the Narzan type, the sources of the tracts of Hoverla, Piddil and Krasne Pleso are similar to the carbonated mineral spring of the Borjomi type. The microcomponent composition (As, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, V, Cr, F) of the sources of carbonated waters of the CBR was determined, the median content and concentration coefficients were calculated, on the basis of which the source located in the Hoverla tract (the village of Lugi, Chornohirsky massif) was singled out CBR) has a content of cadmium, 20 times, lead — 9 times, and arsenic and chromium — 5 times higher than background. The possibility of enrichment of spring waters with microcomponents due to their inflow into underground waters from polymetallic ore deposits is considered.
Presented are the results of studies of the chemical composition of the waters of mountain rivers and their tributaries of the Ugolsk-Shyrokoluzhansk protected massif of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (CBR) — the Velyka Ugolka river and its left tributary — the Kamensky stream; the Mala Ugolka river and its right tributary — the Vezhansk stream; the Luzhanka river and its left tributary — the Vonyacha Zvoryna stream. According to the results of statistical processing of the chemical composition of the waters, the average content of the salt composition was established — SO42–, Cl–, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3–, Na+ + K+, total dissolved solids (mineralization) and pH values. Based on the results of many years of research (2003-2019), the ionic composition of the waters was determined and the similarity of the Velyka and Mala Ugolka rivers (hydrocarbonate-calcium waters) and the difference between the Luzhanka river (hydrocarbonate-sodium waters) were revealed. The main difference in the composition of the waters of the river. Luzhanka has a low content of magnesium and calcium, with an increased content of sodium and potassium, the pH value is 7.04, while in other rivers it is 7.10-7.5. A direct relationship was established between HCO3 and mineralization (from lower to higher): the Luzhanka river — the Velyka Ugolka river — the Mala Ugolka river. The natural factors of the formation of the chemical composition of waters are identified — the composition of rocks and atmospheric precipitation (snow), climate and relief. It was revealed that the main factor influencing the formation of river waters is the composition of rocks: flysch with a predominance of sandstone (Luzhanka river), flysch with a predominance of limestone (Velyka and Mala Ugolka rivers). According to the standards for drinking water, there is an insufficient content of calcium and magnesium (Luzhanka river) and in all rivers — sulfates, chlorides, sodium. Recommendations are given to the population on replenishing the diet with microelements, which are not enough for the physiological needs of the body in the case of using river waters as drinking.
The results of a comprehensive analysis of the microelement composition of soils — B, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn and plants — Ag, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn (oak (Quercus robur L.), pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) perennial grasses — Kupena (Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.), wheatgrass (Elymus repens (L.) Gould)) of natural reserve belonging to different physical and geographical zones — Polessky reserve (mixed forest zone), Roztochya reserve (broad-leaved forest zone), Kanevsky reserve (forest-steppe zone), the reserve «Askania Nova» (steppe zone), the Chernogorsk massif of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (KBR, Ukrainian Carpathians), which are proposed to be considered as background. It was found that in the soils of mixed and broad-leaved forests and the Chernogorsk massif KBR with an increase in the content of gross forms of Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, the content of their mobile forms increases, this dependence is inverse in the soils of the steppe zone, which is associated with a decrease in soil acidity and mobility microelements A positive correlation was revealed between the humus content in soils and Zn, Co (gross and mobile forms) and negative — B, Mo in the soils of all reserve zones. It was found that the greatest biogeochemical activity is characteristic of plants in the zone of deciduous forests — oak leaves (Quercus robur L.) and pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.).
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