The microelement composition (Pb, V, Cr, Zn, Mn, Cu) of the mountain-podzolic brown earth soils of the Chornohir and Marmarо reserve massifs of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve was determined: background, under wet and dry moss (Sphagnum palustre L.). The increased content of trace elements (Cu, V, Zn, Mn) in the upper soil layer of the Chornohir massif was determined, which is explained by the presence of a clay component, and the lower content in the Marmaros massif — the presence of carbonates. Ranked series were constructed by the dispersion coefficient of microelements in soils covered with wet and dry moss Sphagnum palustre L. It was established that the soil under dry moss is practically not depleted of microelements, but in the presence of rains it becomes wet again and the sorption process resumes. It was found that the soils under the wet moss of the Chornohir massif are most depleted in Mn, Cu, and Zn; and the Marmaros massif — Mn, Pb, and V. The geochemical behavior of the studied microelements in soils under wet moss was analyzed. It was concluded that wet moss has a selective ion exchange, is a geochemical barrier, and that is why lithochemical search and monitoring works should be carried out in the areas covered with wet moss, taking into account the established features.
he objective of the paper was determining biogeochemical peculiarities of ac- cumulation of chemical elements (Mn, Ni, Сo, V, Cr, Zr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ba, P) by wild-grow- ing shrubs (stems and leaves) – bog bilberry (Vaccіnium uliginоsum), European blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), alpine juniper (J. communis subsp. alpina); perennial herbaceous plants (flowers and leaves) – common tormentil (Potentіlla erecta (L.) Hampe), willow gentian (Gentiana asclepiadea), true sedges (Carex); and trees (needles) of European silver fir (Abies alba) on nine plots in the Svy- dovets Massif of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The results we obtained based on field surveys (selection of samples of soil and vegeta- tion) and interpretation of their analysis allowed us to determine the total regional background of chemical elements in soils and ash of plants using emission spectral analysis. We assessed the total concentration of chemical elements in soils of the plots (least to highest): the Apshynets Ridge – the Herashaska Polonyna – Drahobratske Lake – the Svydovets stream – Apshynets Lake – Herashaske Lake – the Zhuravlyne Bog – Vorozheske Lake (group of small lakes) – Vorozheske Lake (large) and determined the dependence on type of soil and pH. We determined that for wild-growing herbaceous plants the biogeochemical activity of species increases in the following sequence: true sedges - willow gentian - common tormentil; for wild-growing shrubs (bog bilberry, European blueberry, alpine juniper) such a sequence is impossible to determine due to the great difference between the values on different plots. We determined the role of each plant as medicinal for treating microelement deficiency in Cu, Zn, Co. We determined that in the plot of the Herashaska Polonyna, the needles of alpine juniper contain a maximum amount of Zn and Co, the needles and leaves of bog bilberry – Cu, Zn, Co; the flowers and leaves of common tormentil by Apshynets Lake and European silver fir near the area of the Svydovets stream – Cu. We calculated the daily dose of each element according to species of plants to overcome microelementosis. The results of biogeochemical surveys may be the basis for determining and recommending plants as medicinal, and also of geochemical and biogeochemical monitoring studies.
Presented are the results of studies of the chemical composition of the waters of mountain rivers and their tributaries of the Ugolsk-Shyrokoluzhansk protected massif of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (CBR) — the Velyka Ugolka river and its left tributary — the Kamensky stream; the Mala Ugolka river and its right tributary — the Vezhansk stream; the Luzhanka river and its left tributary — the Vonyacha Zvoryna stream. According to the results of statistical processing of the chemical composition of the waters, the average content of the salt composition was established — SO42–, Cl–, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3–, Na+ + K+, total dissolved solids (mineralization) and pH values. Based on the results of many years of research (2003-2019), the ionic composition of the waters was determined and the similarity of the Velyka and Mala Ugolka rivers (hydrocarbonate-calcium waters) and the difference between the Luzhanka river (hydrocarbonate-sodium waters) were revealed. The main difference in the composition of the waters of the river. Luzhanka has a low content of magnesium and calcium, with an increased content of sodium and potassium, the pH value is 7.04, while in other rivers it is 7.10-7.5. A direct relationship was established between HCO3 and mineralization (from lower to higher): the Luzhanka river — the Velyka Ugolka river — the Mala Ugolka river. The natural factors of the formation of the chemical composition of waters are identified — the composition of rocks and atmospheric precipitation (snow), climate and relief. It was revealed that the main factor influencing the formation of river waters is the composition of rocks: flysch with a predominance of sandstone (Luzhanka river), flysch with a predominance of limestone (Velyka and Mala Ugolka rivers). According to the standards for drinking water, there is an insufficient content of calcium and magnesium (Luzhanka river) and in all rivers — sulfates, chlorides, sodium. Recommendations are given to the population on replenishing the diet with microelements, which are not enough for the physiological needs of the body in the case of using river waters as drinking.
Geochemical post-pyrogenic soil changes are one of the most important factors in determining the state of the forest ecosystem. For the first time the content of microelements (Hg, As, Ba, Mg, Mn, Mo, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, V, Ni) in post-pyrogenic sod-podzolic soils under the pine forest of Zhytomyr Polissya (Ukraine) was determined by the ICP-MS method. The study is based on a comparison of the content of trace elements in the sod-podzolic soils of the background area and burnt areas (grassland fire in 2019). The analysis of microelements in the soil profile of the burned and background areas to a depth of 10 cm (after 1 cm) and set the limit - 3-5 cm (humus-eluvial horizon), after which you can record the accumulation or scattering of elements after a fire on the surface. By calculating the percentage change (relative to background soils), intensive accumulation (more than 20%) of elements in post-pyrogenic soils - Cu, Ni, Co, V and moderate accumulation (up to 10%) - Pb, Mo, Mg, Ba, Cr and intensive scattering - Hg, As, Cd, Zn, Mn. The increase in the pH of post-pyrogenic soils (from 4.2 to 7.5) was determined, spatial map-schemes were constructed, due to which the direction of the fire was revealed - from the south-east to the north-west. The change of the content of ionic forms of metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn) in the soil solution at different pH values (from 4 to 8 with a step of 0.2) is modeled (PHREEQC program) and the current trend is revealed: Pb - linear dependence, Cu, Zn, Mn is polynomial. The pH limits are calculated, where there are free forms of metals that enter the plants: Pb 3.9-8.2; Zn 5.5-7.5; Cu 5-8.2; Mn 5-11.5. The post-fire transformation of soils was revealed, which is expressed in the increase of pH (before the fire - 4.2-4.8; after the fire - 6.5-7.2; a year after the fire - 4.5-5.5). The obtained results confirmed the need for geochemical monitoring of post-pyrogenic soils for ecosystem restoration and plant biodiversity.
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