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Experim ental and Analytical Study of W ater-D riven Debris Im pact Forces on Structures1Water-driven debris generated during tsunamis and hurricanes can impose substantial impact forces on structures that are often not designed for such loads. This paper presents the design and results of an experimental and analytical program to quantify these potential impact forces. Two types of prototypical debris are considered: a wood log and a shipping container. Full-scale impact tests at Lehigh University (LU) were car ried out with a wooden utility pole and a shipping container. The tests were carried out in-air. The purpose of these tests was to provide baseline, full-scale results. Because of size limitations, a 1:5 scale shipping container model was used for in-water tests in the Oregon State University (OSU) large wave flume. These tests were used to quantify the effect o f the fluid on the impact forces. Results from both experimental programs are pre sented and compared with analytical predictions. The predictions are found to be in suffi cient agreement such that they can be used for design. A fundamental finding is that the impact forces are dominated by the structural impact, with a secondary effect provided by the fluid. Both forces are quantified in the paper.

Water-driven debris generated during tsunamis and hurricanes can impose substantial impact forces on structures that are often not designed for such loads. This paper presents the design and results of an experimental and theoretical program to quantify these potential impact forces. Two types of prototypical debris are considered: a wood log and a shipping container. Full-scale impact tests at Lehigh University were carried out with a wooden utility pole and a shipping container. The tests were carried out in-air, and were designed to provide baseline, full-scale results. A 1:5 scale shipping container model was used for in-water tests in the Oregon State University large wave flume. These tests were used to quantify the effect of the fluid on the impact forces. Results from both experimental programs are presented and compared with theoretical predictions. The analytical predictions are found to be in sufficient agreement such that they can be used for design. A fundamental takeaway is that the impact forces are dominated by the structural impact, with a secondary affect provided by the fluid. Both forces are quantified in the paper.

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Debris impact forces generated during floods, tsunamis, and hurricane storm surges can contribute to severe structural damage. Proper estimation of debris impact forces is critical to design the structures to resist typical water-borne debris. In previous work, the force demands from axial debris impact were experimentally and analytically assessed. This study characterizes the impact force demands generated during transverse debris impact on structures and develops simplified models that can estimate impact force and duration accurately. An experimental study was conducted on a full-scale standard shipping container, steel tube, and solid bar subjected to transverse impact. Numerical models of the transverse members are also developed to evaluate the impact demands during relatively high impact velocities. Simplified analytical models are developed and validated with data from impact experiments and simulated results. The simplified models to predict impact demands from debris under both elastic and inelastic responses are shown to be quite accurate. Moreover, the results show that impact forces estimated by current design guidelines are not accurate.