In order to investigate whether geochemical, physiographic and lithological differences in two end-member sedimentary settings could evoke varied microbe-sediment interactions, two 25 cm long sediment cores from contrasting regions in the Central Indian Basin have been examined. Site TVBC 26 in the northern siliceous realm (10°S, 75AE5°E) is organic-C rich with 0AE3 ± 0AE09% total organic carbon. Site TVBC 08 in the southern pelagic red clay realm (16°S, 75AE5°E), located on the flank of a seamount in a mid-plate volcanic area with hydrothermal alterations of recent origin, is organic-C poor (0AE1 ± 0AE07%). Significantly higher bacterial viability under anaerobic conditions, generally lower microbial carbon uptake and higher numbers of aerobic sulphur oxidizers at the mottled zones, characterize core TVBC 26. In the carbon-poor environment of core TVBC 08, a doubling of the 14 C uptake, a 250 times increase in the number of autotrophic nitrifiers, a four-fold lowering in the number of aerobic sulphur oxidizers and a higher order of denitrifiers exists when compared with core TVBC 26; this suggests the prevalence of a potentially autotrophic microbial community in core TVBC 08 in response to hydrothermal activity. Microbial activity at the northern TVBC 26 is predominantly heterotrophic with enhanced chemosynthetic activity restricted to tan-green mottled zones. The southern TVBC 08 is autotrophic with increased heterotrophic activity in the deepest layers. Notably, the bacterial activity is generally dependent on the surface productivity in TVBC 26, the carbon-rich core, and mostly independent in TVBC 08, the carbon-poor, hydrothermally influenced core. The northern sediment is more organic sink-controlled and the southern sediment is more hydrothermal source-controlled. Hydrothermal activity and associated rock alteration processes may be more relevant than organic matter delivery in these deep-sea sediments. Thus, this study highlights the relative importance of hydrothermal activity versus organic delivery in evoking different microbial responses in the Central Indian Basin sediments.

It is hypothesized that in the deep-sea, under psychrophilic, barophilic and oligotrophic conditions, microbial community of Central Indian Basin (CIB) sediments could be chemosynthetic. In the dark, at near ambient temperature, 4 ± 2°C, 500 atm pressure, pelagic red clay could fix carbon at rates ranging from 100 to 500 nmol C g(-1) dry wt day(-1). These clays accumulate in the deepest and the most remote areas of the ocean and contain <30% biogenic material. These clays with volcanic signatures fixed 230-9,401 nmol C g(-1) dry wt day(-1) while siliceous radiolarian oozes of the basin fixed only 5-45 nmol C g(-1) dry wt day(-1). These rates are comparable to those of white smoker waters and are 1-4 orders of magnitude less than those of bacterial mats and active vents recorded at other localities worldwide. The experimental ratios of carbon fixation to metal oxidation in the sediments were 0-1 order of magnitude higher than the corresponding average theoretical ratio of 0.0215 (0.0218, 0.0222, 0.0207 and 0.0211 for Fe, Mn, Co and Ni, respectively) in the siliceous ooze. In case of pelagic red clay it was 0-2 orders higher than theoretical ratio. Thus, chemosynthetic activity could be more widespread, albeit at low rates, than previously considered for abyssal basins. These environments may be dependent partially or even wholly on in situ microbial primary production for their carbon requirements rather than on photosynthetically derived detritus from surface waters.

Co immobilization by two manganese oxidizing isolates from Carlsberg Ridge waters (CR35 and CR48) was compared with that of Mn at same molar concentrations. At a lower concentration of 10 μM, CR35 and CR48 immobilized 22 and 23 fM Co cell(-1) respectively, which was 1.4 to 2 times higher than that of Mn oxidation, while at 10 mM the immobilization was 15-69 times lower than that of Mn. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analyses of intact bacterial cells grown in 1 mM Co revealed Co peaks showing extracellular binding of the metal. However, it was evident from transmission electron microscope analyses that most of the sequestered Co was bound intracellularly along the cell membrane in both the isolates. Change in morphology was one of the strategies bacteria adopted to counter metal stress. The cells grew larger and thus maintained a lower than normal surface area-volume ratio on exposure to Co to reduce the number of binding sites. An unbalanced growth with increasing Co additions was observed in the isolates. Cells attained a length of 10-18 μm at 10 mM Co which was 11-15 times the original cell length. Extensive cell rupture indicated that Co was harmful at this concentration. It is apparent that biological and optimal requirement of Mn is more than Co. Thus, these differences in the immobilization of the two metals could be driven by the differences in the requirement, cell physiology and the affinities of the isolates for the concentrations of the metals tested.

Manganese is an essential trace metal that is not as readily oxidizable like iron. Several bacterial groups posses the ability to oxidize Mn effectively competing with chemical oxidation. The oxides of Mn are the strongest of the oxidants, next to oxygen in the aquatic environment and therefore control the fate of several elements. Mn oxidizing bacteria have a suit of enzymes that not only help to scavenge Mn but also other associated elements, thus playing a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles. This article reviews the importance of manganese and its interaction with microorganisms in the oxidative Mn cycle in aquatic realms.

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