The optimal cost of blasting is a major factor in the surface mining industry and must be addressed properly. The project will include the variability of components of blast design, such as change in azimuth of the holes intended for blasting to reduce explosive consumption and have a major role in controlling ground vibrations; pattern of holes (diameter of holes); electric and non-electric initiation; toe burden analysis; type of explosive used (slurry and ANFO); and adopting an efficient design by mathematical cost analysis using O-Pitblast software. The damage to temporary structures in surface mining that are located within close proximity of blasting faces is a serious problem and has to be countered using an alternating blast design in correspondence to the permissible Post-Production Verification (PPV) that a structure can withstand. The estimation of the PPV graph using seismographic data of the face must comply with different ground vibration equations to check whether the predicted model of blasting is up to safety norms and the demarking of the blasting zone.
The iron ore deposits are sedimentary in nature. In 2021, approximately 1.95 billion metric tons of crude steel were produced globally, compared to 2.6 billion metric tons of usable iron ore. Iron ore is the primary source of the iron and steel industries, which in turn are essential to maintaining a strong industrial and economic base. Globally, 86% of the total iron produced is used in steelmaking. The most important iron ore minerals include hematite, magnetite, and taconite. The other iron ore minerals include goethite, laterite, etc. Hematite and magnetite are most commonly exploited for their iron values. Considering the non-renewable nature of iron ore, there is a paradigm shift towards the upgrading and beneficiation of low-grade iron ore. The widely accepted techniques for beneficiation include jigging, magnetic separation, enhanced gravity separation, froth flotation, etc. Owing to density contrast, iron can be separated from the gangue in simple jigging cycles. The electromagnetic laboratory-scale Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separator (WHIMS) removes fine magnetics and para-magnetics from mineral slurries. The physical and chemical properties of the ore mineral, as well as their mutual relationship, have a large impact on the beneficiation efficiency. In most of the processing units, the small, dense particles report to the tailing fraction, causing a significant loss in ore values. In such challenging cases, the enhanced gravity technique is useful. It is a combination of centrifugal force and gravitational force that facilitates the separation of low-density ore minerals and gangue. The paper focuses on the importance of a characterization study for the success of beneficiation.
To prevent pollution of air, water, and land resources as well as the transfer of dangerous chemicals, waste must be seen as a potential resource, rather than something undesired and unwanted. The pace of trash production rises in tandem with population growth and industrialization. Mismanagement of municipal solid waste (MSW) has negative environmental consequences, puts public health at risk, and raises a number of other socioeconomic problems worth addressing. A well-thought-out decision-making policy will significantly enhance the quality of the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) process. We require well-planned and well-designed municipal waste management systems to correctly anticipate the MSWM system. Many urban and rural regions in India have long struggled with waste management issues. People in rural regions let garbage decay and use it as fertilizer on their agricultural fields. As technology advances, different methods are being used to turn trash into energy. This article focuses on the need for trash to be converted into energy as well as other current techniques.
Mineral exploitation and mining are expanding with increasing industrialization, and as exploitation increases, so will their enormous environmental impact. The biological technique was found to be a suitable alternative for treating mine wastes and recovering toxic heavy metals. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) or Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) is the most wellknown mining waste laden with heavy metals that remains untreated. Microorganisms help in detoxification and thereby facilitate the extraction of pollutants from mine waste. Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB), among all known microorganisms, play an important role in mine waste treatment by neutralizing acidity and reviving alkalinity. The use of microorganisms in treating overburden dumps helps reduce the amount of waste, augment natural resources via metal recovery, and maintain a healthy environment. Such a technique picks up momentum due to its low cost, easy availability of ingredients, and eco-friendly nature. Such a treatment system may or may not be capable of removing toxicity. Therefore, it is advisable to use the same along with other techniques depending upon site conditions, the nature of the deposit, and the availability of essential requisites. This paper attempted to highlight potential thrust areas requiring this technique as well as limiting factors.
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