Unconventional natural gas resources are very important for ensuring energy security. It is a concern that conventional natural gas resources will be unable to meet growing supply requirements. This concern has prompted a scramble to secure long-term natural gas supplies. In a high oil and gas price environment, unconventional resources are viewed as important and economically attractive components of future natural gas supplies. Shale gas is natural gas produced from shale formations. Gas shales are organic-rich shale formations. Shale gas is a dry gas composed of methane. Various factors which have contributed to its rapid development are mainly advancements in horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and, perhaps most importantly, the rapid increase in natural gas prices in the last several years as a result of significant variation in supply and demand. India has a high potential for shale reserves. According to the available data, a comprehensive shale gas pilot project carried out in the Damodar Valley Basin has made an initial gasin- place estimate of 300 to 2,100 trillion cubic feet (TCF) in Indian shale gas basins, which is around 300 times higher than the Krishna Godavari Dhirubhai 6 (KG-D6) basin, by far the largest gas field in the country. In this paper, a brief review of shale gas reserves across the world and their government policies has been explained.
The extent of gas production from shale reservoirs depends heavily on the stress-strain impact on the reservoir. The reservoir's developed stress allows the rocks to fracture naturally. The developed fractures across the reservoir blocks enhance the gas flow from the reservoir towards the wellbore. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the technologies and engineering of shale formation permeability behavior and the impact of induced stress and strain. The impacts of stress and strain on the permeability of shale are also studied. This paper presents the effect of stress-strain analysis on gas recovery due to various gas injections, the dependence of gas shale fracture permeability on effective stress and reservoir pressure, analyzing the consequences of various gas injection rates on stress and strain, and the result of stress-strain elongation or variation on hydrocarbon recovery.
Polymer flooding or mobility control techniques that focus on maintaining favorable mobility ratios can be used to improve volumetric sweep efficiency. The development of specialized polymer solutions optimizes the mobility ratio between the injected polymer solution and the oil or water bank being displaced in advance of the polymer. Because of its solid structure, lack of effect of salt on viscosity (unlike partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), which has a salinity influence on viscosity), and lack of effect of high temperatures, xanthan gum, also known as polysaccharide biopolymer, is the most frequently utilized. This research investigates many properties of xanthan gum, as well as its effectiveness with other polymers and the modifications made to improve its performance.
In the oil and gas industry, drilling is expensive, from the exploration phase through drilling and production to enhanced oil recovery. Therefore, it is important to maintain the integrity of the well till the end of the production phase. Cementing the wellbore during drilling helps to maintain the integrity of the well throughout its lifecycle. It is necessary to know the properties of the cement and the wellbore conditions before the cementing is done. Upon the addition of certain nanomaterial to the cement, the properties of the cement can be altered based on need. Use of nanotechnology in the cement slurry can help in achieving solutions to many problems that pertain to oil well cementation. This paper discusses the behavior of certain nanomaterials when added to cement at high temperatures and high pressures, and how the properties of cement are affected by the addition of these nanoparticles.
To prevent pollution of air, water, and land resources as well as the transfer of dangerous chemicals, waste must be seen as a potential resource, rather than something undesired and unwanted. The pace of trash production rises in tandem with population growth and industrialization. Mismanagement of municipal solid waste (MSW) has negative environmental consequences, puts public health at risk, and raises a number of other socioeconomic problems worth addressing. A well-thought-out decision-making policy will significantly enhance the quality of the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) process. We require well-planned and well-designed municipal waste management systems to correctly anticipate the MSWM system. Many urban and rural regions in India have long struggled with waste management issues. People in rural regions let garbage decay and use it as fertilizer on their agricultural fields. As technology advances, different methods are being used to turn trash into energy. This article focuses on the need for trash to be converted into energy as well as other current techniques.
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