The free standing and dimensionally stable gel polymer electrolyte films of polyacrylonitrile (PAN): potassium iodide (KI) of different compositions, using ethylene carbonate as a plasticizer and dimethyl formamide as solvent, are prepared by adopting 'solution casting technique' and these films are examined for their conductivities. The structural, miscibility and the chemical rapport between PAN and KI are investigated using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry methods. The conductivity is enhanced with the increase in KI concentration and temperature. The maximum conductivity at 30 • C is found to be 2.089 × 10 −5 S cm −1 for PAN:KI (70:30) wt%, which is nine orders greater than that of pure PAN (<10 −14 S cm −1). The conductivity-temperature dependence of these polymer electrolyte films obeys Arrhenius behaviour with activation energy ranging from 0.358 to 0.478 eV. The conducting carriers of charge transport in these polymer electrolyte films are identified by Wagner's polarization technique and it is found that the charge transport is predominantly due to ions. The better conducting sample is used to fabricate the battery with configuration K/PAN + KI/I 2 + C + electrolyte and good discharge characteristics of battery are observed.
Optofluidics is increasingly gaining impact in a number of different fields of research, namely biology and medicine, environmental monitoring and green energy. However, the market for optofluidic products is still in the early development phase. In this manuscript, we discuss modular platforms as a potential concept to facilitate the transfer of optofluidic sensing systems to an industrial implementation. We present microfluidic and optical networks as a basis for the interconnection of optofluidic sensor modules. Finally, we show the potential for entire optofluidic networks.
Impedance measurements were made on technological important ferroelectric ceramics, namely PZT and La0.75Bi3.25Ti3O12(BLT), in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz, from room temperature to 500°C. Combined impedance and modulus spectroscopic analysis along with the detailed conductivity (ac and dc) data was used to understand the heterogeneity of the ceramics and the results were corroborated with temperature coefficient of dc-conductivity (figure of merit) data for the further understanding. AC-conductivity plots against frequency at different temperatures for PZT and BLT suggest the response of obeying Jonscher's and modified Jonscher's law, respectively.
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