A stochastic approach based on three-dimensional Langevin equations was applied to a more detailed study of fission dynamics in fusion-fission reactions. The dynamical model has been developed and extended to investigate fission characteristics of light fissioning nuclei at low excitation energies. The energy dependences of an anisotropy of the fission fragment angular distribution, an evaporation residue cross section, a fission cross section, mean prescission neutron, and giant dipole ␥ multiplicities have been analyzed for the 16 O ϩ 208 Pb-induced fission of 224 Th. Also, dependence of the prescission neutron multiplicity on the fragment mass asymmetry and total kinetic energy have been calculated. Analysis of the results shows that not only characteristics of the mass-energy distribution of fission fragments, but also the mass and kinetic-energy dependence of the prescission neutron multiplicity, the angular anisotropy, and fission probability can be reproduced using a modified one-body mechanism for nuclear dissipation with a reduction coefficient of the contribution from a wall formula k s ϭ0.25-0.5 for compound nuclei 172 Yb, 205 Fr, 215 Fr, and 224 Th. Decrease of the prescission neutron multiplicities with fragment mass asymmetry is due to a decrease of the fission time. The results obtained show that prescission neutrons are evaporated predominantly from the nearly spherical compound nucleus at an early stage of fission process before the saddle point is reached. From performed analysis one can conclude that coordinate-independent reduction coefficient k s is not compatible with simultaneous description of the main fission characteristics for heavy fissioning systems 256 Fm and 252 Fm.

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A four-dimensional dynamical model based on Langevin equations was developed and applied to calculate a wide set of experimental observables for the reactions 16 O + 208 Pb → 224 Th and 16 O + 232 Th → 248 Cf over a wide range of excitation energy. The fusion-fission and evaporation residue cross sections, fission fragment mass-energy distribution parameters, prescission neutron multiplicities, and anisotropy of angular distribution of fission fragments could be reasonably reproduced using a modified one-body mechanism for nuclear friction with a reduction coefficient of the contribution from a wall formula k s 0.25 and a dissipation coefficient for the orientation degree of freedom (K coordinate) γ K 0.077 (MeV zs) −1/2 . Inclusion of the K coordinate into calculation of potential energy changes the stiffness of the nucleus with respect to mass asymmetry coordinate for the values of K = 0 and results in a shift of the Businaro-Gallone point towards larger Z 2 /A values. The experimental data on the fission fragment mass-energy distribution parameters together with mean prescission neutron multiplicity for heavy fissioning nuclei are reproduced through the four-dimensional Langevin calculations more accurately than through three-dimensional calculations.

38 pages, 15 figuresPeripheral collisions with radioactive heavy-ion beams at relativistic energies are discussed as an innovative approach for probing the transient regime experienced by fissile systems evolving towards quasi-equilibrium. A dedicated experiment using the advanced technical installations of GSI, Darmstadt, permitted to realize ideal conditions for the investigation of relaxation effects in the meta-stable well. Combined with a highly sensitive experimental signature, it provides a measure of the transient effects with respect to the flux over the fission barrier. Within a two-step reaction process, 45 proton-rich unstable spherical isotopes produced by projectile-fragmentation of a stable 238U beam have been used as secondary projectiles. The fragmentation of the radioactive projectiles on lead results in nearly spherical compound nuclei which span a wide range in excitation energy and fissility. The decay of these excited systems by fission is studied with a dedicated set-up which permits the detection of both fission products in coincidence and the determination of their atomic numbers with high resolution. The width of the fission-fragment nuclear charge distribution is shown to be specifically sensitive to pre-saddle transient effects and is used to establish a clock for the passage of the saddle point. The comparison of the experimental results with model calculations points to a fission delay of (3.3+/-0.7).10-21s for initially spherical compound nuclei, independent of excitation energy and fissility. This value suggests a nuclear dissipation strength at small deformation of (4.5+/-0.5).1021s-1. The very specific combination of the physics and technical equipment exploited in this work sheds light on previous controversial conclusions

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A stochastic approach to fission dynamics based on three-dimensional Langevin equations was applied to calculation of the mass-energy and angular distributions of fission fragments. The dependence of the mass-energy distribution parameters on the angular momentum and the anisotropy of the fission-fragment angular distribution on excitation energy have been studied in a wide range of the fissility parameter. A temperature-dependent finite-range liquid-drop model was used in a consistent way to calculate the functional of the Helmholtz free energy and level-density parameter. The modified one-body mechanism of nuclear dissipation (the so-called surface-plus-window dissipation) was used to determine the dissipative forces in Langevin equations. The evaporation of light prescission particles was taken into account on the basis of a statistical model combined with Langevin dynamics. The calculated parameters of the mass-energy distribution and their angular dependencies are in good quantitative agreement with the available experimental data at the value of the reduction coefficient of the contribution from the wall formula equal to 0.25. Analysis of the anisotropy of the fission-fragment angular distribution performed with the saddle-point transition state model and scission-point transition state model indicates that it is necessary to take into account the dynamical aspects of the fission-fragment angular distribution formation.

Abstract. Light charged particle (LCP) emission in the evaporation residue (ER) and fusion fission (FF) channels have been studied for the 200 MeV32 S+ 100 Mo reaction, leading to 132 Ce composite nuclei at Ex=122 MeV. The main goal was to study the decay of 132 Ce on the basis of an extended set of observables, to get insights on the fission dynamics. The proton and alpha particle energy spectra, their multiplicities, ER-LCP angular correlations, ER and FF angular distributions, and ER and FF crosssections were measured. The measured observables were compared with the Statistical Model (SM). Using standard parameters, the model was able to reproduce only the pre-scission multiplicities and the FF and ER cross-sections. The calculation was observed to strongly overestimate the proton and alpha particle multiplicities in the ER channel. Disagreements were also observed for the ER-LCP correlations, the LCP energy spectra and the ER angular distribution. By varying the SM input parameters over a wide range of values, it is shown that it is not possible to reproduce all the observables simultaneously with a unique set of parameters. The inadequacy of the model in reproducing the ER particle multiplicities is also observed analysing data from the literature for other systems in the A ≈ 150 and E x ≈ 100-200 MeV region. These results indicate serious limitations about the use of the SM in extracting information on fission dynamics.