A new species of rodent is added to the highly diverse genus Oecomys (Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae, Oryzomyini) based on specimens collected in the Argentinian provinces of Chaco and Formosa. The new species is characterized by a derived carotid circulatory pattern, a feature shared with O. concolor, O. mamorae, and O. sydandersoni. A unique combination of morphological, morphometric, and molecular characters, however, provides unambiguous evidence of its validity as a separate entity. Individuals of the new species are larger than other representatives of Oecomys, and their skulls have wide and cuneate interorbital regions with well-developed supraorbital shelves, long incisive foramina, long palates, absent alisphenoid struts, and broad Eustachian tubes. This new Oecomys appears to be endemic to the Humid Chaco, an ecoregion listed as Vulnerable due to the human impact. Preliminary observations suggest that several specimens from Eastern Paraguay and the Brazilian Pantanal could also be assigned to the new species described herein. Una nueva especie es adicionada al altamente diverso género de roedores Oecomys (Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae, Oryzomyini), sobre la base de especímenes coleccionados en las provincias Argentinas de Chaco y Formosa. La nueva especie se caracteriza por un patrón de circulación carotídea derivado, un rasgo compartido con O. concolor, O. mamorae y O. sydandersoni. Sin embargo, la combinación única de caracteres morfológicos, morfométricos y moleculares provee evidencia inequívoca sobre su validez como una entidad separada. Individuos de la nueva especie son de mayor tamaño en comparación con otros Oecomys y sus cráneos tienen una región interorbitaria ancha y acuñada con plataformas supraorbitarias bien desarrolladas, forámenes incisivos largos, paladares largos, ausencia de las barras alisfenoideas y tubos de Eustaquio anchos. Este nuevo Oecomys parece ser endémico del Chaco Húmedo, una ecorregión considerada como Vulnerable debido al impacto antrópico. Observaciones preliminares sugieren que varios especímenes de Paraguay Oriental y del Pantanal Brasilero podrían también ser asignados a la nueva especie aquí descrita.
Extensive field work conducted in Paraguay since 1995 allowed us to present the first records for this country of the family Sciuridae (Sciurus urucumus), the genus Bibimys (B. chacoensis), and the species Akodon paranaensis, in addition to the first formal mention of Oxymycterus misionalis, and noteworthy records of Cerradomys maracajuensis, Pseudoryzomys simplex, and Sphiggurus spinosus. These records demonstrate that the mammal fauna of the Paraguayan Oriental Region is more similar in species richness and composition to that of adjacent regions of Argentina and Brazil than previously realized. ResumenUn extenso trabajo de campo realizado en Paraguay desde 1995 nos permitió brindar los primeros registros para el país de la familia Sciuridae (Sciurus urucumus), el género Bibimys (B. chacoensis) y la especie Akodon paranaensis, además de la primera mención formal de Oxymycterus misionalis y registros novedosos de Cerradomys maracajuensis, Pseudoryzomys simplex y Sphiggurus spinosus. Estos registros indican que la mastofauna de la Región Oriental de Paraguay es en términos de riqueza específica y composición, más similar a las zonas adyacentes de Argentina y Brasil de lo considerado previamente.
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