Herbicides and food additives are included in many food products for humans. Non-used products or products beyond their expiry date are deposited in places of utilizatioin of solid municipal wastes, where they can take effects on the organisms of mouse-like rodents. Among the herbicides, glyphosphate takes first place in the world for volume of production, and is the most intensely used in agricultural farming. The discussion about negative impact on the organisms of mammals, especially against the background of using various substances and environmental factors, continues. In this study, we determined the combined effect of glyphosphate and food additives on the organism of laboratory animals, which manifested in changes in body weight, condition and indices of mass of the internal organs and blood parameters. Four groups of laboratory male rats were formed, which over 42 days received: unlimited access to clean water; 1% aqueous solution of glyphosate; 1% solution of glyphosphate and 1% solution sodium benzoate; 1% solution of glyphosphate with 1% solution of saccharin. Glyphosphate and glyphosphate with sodium benzoate and saccharin significantly reduced the daily increases in body weight of animals compared to the control group. The studied substances have notable suppressive effect on the immune system and haematopoiesis in general, which is manifested in reduce of relative mass of the thymus and spleen against the background of increase in the amount of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. The inhibition of haematopoiesis is indicated by decrease in the amount of erythrocytes, neurophils and hemoglobin of blood of animals from the experimental groups. The impact on the digestive system of glyphosphate and food additives is indicated by occurance of the effect of “irritation” of mucous membranes, and, as a result, disorders in absorption followed by the disorder in metabolic processes. A dysbalance occurs in enzymic systems of the organism, which is manifested in distrophic processes, especially in the liver parenchyma, indicated by the activity of blood enzymes (ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase), total number and ratio of proteins of blood plasma. We determined the impact of glyphosphate and its mixes with benzoate and saccharin on the pancreas, which manifests in severe pancreatitis with steep increase in the level of glucose of blood. The results of the study allow us to state that mixture of glyphosphate and food additives can cause toxic effect in animals and humans, which often contact with herbicides.
Goods of plastic, due to their durability, universality and economical properties are broadly used in all spheres of life. On the whole, polymers are inert and nontoxic, but in the process of their production, various additives are used, which on contact or introduction into an organism has a negative effect on it. In our study, we determined the impact of some types of plastic (polyvinyl chloride, polysterene and polyethylene) on the organism of laboratory animals according to changes in their body weight, indices of mass of the internal organs, and blood parameters. For the experiment, we formed four groups of white male mice at the age of 3 weeks and average body weight of 50 g. For each group, we used different litter. For group I, the litter was sawdust; and for the other groups we added plastic products in different volumes to the sawdust; for group II finely cut polyvinyl chloride, for group III cut polyethylene, and for group IV granules of polystyrene. Every 3 days, we determined the body weight of the animals, and 32 days later we determined mass of the organs, clinical and biochemical parameters of the blood. Addition of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and polystyrene into the substrate for mice did not have a significant effect on tempi of growth of body weight, and also relative mass of heart and lungs. Polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene have an immune-suppressive effect, and polyvinyl chloride affects both central and peripheral organs, and polystyrene mostly harms the peripheral organs. All used types of plastic cause leukocytopenia, following which neutrophilia of band neutrophils and monocytosis takes place as a result of damage to the biological barriers. We determined the systemic toxic effect of the studied types of plastic on the internal organs, which manifested in increase in their mass (liver, kidneys), steep increase in the activity of liver enzymes (AST, ALT), simultaneous decrease in activity of alkaline phosphatase and content of cholysterol and glucose in the blood serum of the mice. Also polyvinyl chlorine, polyethylene and polystyrene cause degeneration of the epithelium of the uriniferous tubule, which is manifested in reduction of globulins and creatinine in the blood of animals from the experimental groups following increase in relative mass of the kidneys. The results of our research allow us to state that different types of plastic can cause toxic effect on animals, as well as people who are in frequent contact with them.
In the paper, we consider the morphology of intestine structures and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of meat rabbits. The investigation was carried out for the rabbits of the following ages: 1, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 days of postnatal development. In accordance with the age groups, the samples of small and large intestines were taken and stained with hematoxylin eosin. As the result of microscopy investigations, the morphology of intestines and lymphoid tissues was studied. We found out that the most area of a microscopic section was taken up by mucosa, whereas lymphoid cells were detected mainly in lamina propria and somewhat in epithelium. We observed that immune structures of 30-day rabbits were formed in lamina propria hardly breaking the submucous layer. For the 1-day rabbits, the lymphoid tissue was detected in sacculus rotundus and vermiform appendix. Starting from the 20-th day of postnatal development, the lymphoid tissue was also observed in lamina propria and other intestinal tracts. We found specific types of lymphoid tissue and immune structures, which were typical of each age group of the rabbits. Besides, we studied the traits of lymphatic nodule development within the selected ages as well as assessing differentiation periods of lymphoid tissue. We determined that lymphoid tissue could be detected for the newborn rabbits, viz. lymphatic nodules and aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer's patches) begin growing from the 20-th day of postnatal development, whereas germinal centers are observed in lymphatic nodules of 60-day rabbits. With age, the number of lymphatic nodules is increasing in lymphoid plaques whereas the amount of lymphoid tissue is decreasing between the plaques. Since birth, lymphatic nodules are mostly circular-shaped. However, irregular-shaped lymphatic nodules, which are arranged in two rows, are appearing in the lymphoid plaques starting from 30-day age. On the 90th day of postnatal development, almost all lymphatic nodules within the lymphoid paques have irregular shape and may be arranged in three rows. A well-developed bloodstream vessel cab be observed in the proximity of the lymphoid tissue and lymphoid structures of each rabbit age group.
It was established that prenatal skeletal ontogeny in domestic pigs is presented in two forms: structural and functional bone marrow osteoblast (bone formation) and hematopoietic (blood-forming) development and structural and functional transformation that is taking place in parallel, different speeds towards vectors which are in particular histogram and cytoarchitectonic in different zonal centers of ossification of the skeleton in the fetus. The main structural components of the bone marrow domestic pig fetal within cells of the bone marrow centers of ossification of the bone shaft located in some models directly related to the dynamics of quantitative tissue components. In the fetuses of especially late in the fetal period of ontogenesis (from 3 months) against the background of almost complete disappearance of hematopoietic centers in the liver begin to form as an unfinished structure segments with indistinct borders and lobules, although expressive (Relief) with outline radial hepatocyte structure and separated from each other with a thick connective tissue. The basic characteristics, structural and functional bone marrow of the domestic pig fetuses are: localization in the spongy bone, leading to skeletal ossification centers, clearly marked morphological heterogeneity of the osteogenic distribution peripheral and central-hematopoietic form. Zonal structure of hematopoietic marrow gives the presence of islets and islet diffuse, with topographically distinct sections.
Гемопоетичний кістковий мозок є органом універсального кровотворення та місцем антигеннезалежної проліферації і диференціації В-лімфоцитів у ссавців. Виконання кістковим мозком даної функції обумовлене специфічним стромальним мікрооточенням, зокрема його мінералізованою частиною. Ріст і розвиток кісткового мозку прямо залежить від процесів енхондрального остеогістогенезу, в процесі якого разом з формуванням губчастої кісткової тканини формується це специфічне тканинно-клітинне мікрооточення. Тому масштаби осифікації безпосередньо визначають остеогенний потенціал та гемопоетичну активність остебластичної та кровотворної форми кісткового мозку в скелеті загалом, та у кожній окремій кістці. Метою роботи було встановлення динаміки морфометричних показників кісток та відносної площі їх осередків окостеніння як місця локалізації кісткового мозку в період постнатальної адаптації поросят. Досліджено кісткові органи (грудина, 5-й грудний хребець, 5-а реберна кістка) клінічно здорових поросят 1-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 30-добового віку. Визначена вікова динаміка морфометричних параметрів досліджуваних органів і відносної площі осередків окостеніння на рентгенограмах деяких кісток осьового скелету поросят у період постнатальної адаптації. Встановлені особливості формування основних і додаткових центрів окостеніння як основи для розвитку кровотворних компонентів скелету. Абсолютна маса досліджуваних кісток з віком збільшується, а відносна зменшується, за винятком грудини. Визначено, що максимальну щільність на початку постнатального періоду онтогенезу у поросят має грудина, з віком даний показник має тенденцію до зростання. На початок періоду постнатальної адаптації поросят основні вогнища окостеніння мають усі досліджувані органи, а додаткові виявлені лише у 5-му грудному хребці (осередок окостеніння дуги). Серед основних осередків осифікації кісток добових поросят максимальну площу має 5 реберна кістка, мінімальну 3-й сегмент грудини, у 5-му грудному хребці відносна площа додаткового осередку у 4,6 раза перевищує площу основного. Динаміка відносної площі основних осередків окостеніння характеризувалася поступовим їх збільшенням і досягненням максимальних показників у 30-добовому віці, а додаткових, навпаки, зменшенням.
Дніпропетровський державний аграрно-економічний університет, вул. Сергія Єфремова, 25, м. Дніпро, 49600, Україна Встановлено особливості гістоархітектоніки функціональних зон та сегментів у лімфатичних вузлах статевозрілих кролів м'ясного напряму використання на прикладі кролів кросу Hyplus. Соматичні лімфатичні вузли кролів представлені щільними, компактними утвореннями, повністю відокремленими, тоді як вісцеральні -множинним скупченням різних за розміром вузлів, які утворюють пакети або грона в жировій тканині, не створюючи конгломератів. Лімфоїдна паренхіма характеризується чітко вираженою морфологічною полярністю, з наростанням її обсягу та щільності в напрямку устя приносних лімфатичних судин, з формуванням щільної кіркової і розрідженої мозкової речовини вузлів.Паренхіма вузлів поділяється на відокремлені кірковими синусами або капсулярними трабекулами сегменти чи компартменти. Визначено, що для сегментів лімфатичних вузлів характерна полярна будова, їхній розширений полюс сформований з одиниць глибокої кори та розміщеними навколо цих одиниць лімфатичних вузликів; протилежний, більш звужений край сегмента, побудований із мозкових тяжів та лімфатичних просторів між ними (мозкових синусів). На периферії одиниць глибокої кори лімфатичні вузлики мають округло-овальну форму, а в ділянці мозкових тяжів -округло-циліндричну. Система синусів досить розвинута, організована як «система зрошення», що зв'язує кожну судину з чітко визначеним функціональним відділенням, утворюючи широкі лабіринти, які найкраще виражені у вісцеральних лімфатичних вузлах, у мозкових синусах, що, імовірно, пов'язано зі значнішим антигенним навантаженням. У лімфатичних вузлах кролів основою для кожної лімфоїдної часточки є центри одиниць глибокої кори з реактивними центрами проліферації Т-лімфоцитів, їхня периферія представлена зоною транзиту лімфоцитів і лімфатичними вузликами. Дистально одиниці глибокої кори межують з мозковими тяжами.
The peculiarities of lymphatic supply of individual somatic lymph nodes and the architectonics of their intranodal lymphatic channel in the domestic pig are analyzed. The method of indirect interstitial injection of lymphatic vessels with a fine-disperse contrast mass (black mascara suspension in 5 % gelatin gel solution) was used. The dynamics of gradual distribution of contrast mass from the interstice to the afferent lymphatic vessels and lymphatic collectors of the lymph nodes, as well as in the sinuses of the parenchyma of the organs until the appearance of the mass in the efferent lymphatic vessels were investigated by the method of anatomical preparation. Each subunit of the somatic lymph node conglomerate receives lymph from one afferent lymphatic vessel. The afferent lymphatic vessels flow into the intra-trabecular lymphatic cisterns, which are the major intranodal lymph node collectors. The number of intra-trabecular lymphatic cisterns in lymph nodes of domestic pigs corresponds to the number of subunits that form the corresponding nodule conglomerates. Intra-tubular cisterns are connected with all the sinuses of the parenchyma of the lymph nodes through the numerous lymphatic channels. The intensity of lymph flow from the cavity of the lymphatic cistern to the sinuses of the parenchyma nodes is greater in the direction from the top of the trabecula (cistern) to the central (middle) area of the lymphoid tissue. Contrast mass sequentially fills afferent lymphatic vessels, intra-trabecular lymphatic cisterns, central sites of parenchyma of nodes, peripheral sites of the parenchyma of nodes, including marginal and portal sinuses, efferent lymphatic vessels. The efferent lymphatic vessels are localized at the hilus of the subunits of the nodes together with the neurovascular bundles. The afferent vessels are located separately at the opposite pole of the subunits. In general, lymph nodes of the domestic pig are characterized by the usual, rather than the «reverse» type of intranodal lymphodynamics. As peculiarities of the structure of the intranodal lymphatic channel are: localization of the intranodal lymphatic collector in the middle of the highly developed capsular trabeculae, reminiscent of the structure of additional hilus of the nodes, but does not contain neurovascular fascicles; preferably a «centrifugal» type of distribution of the lymph in the sinus parenchyma of the lymph nodes from apex of the cistern, and, accordingly, from the deep layers of the lymphoid parenchyma to the marginal and portal sinuses. The established type of lymphatic supply of the lymph nodes of domestic pig probably provides a more effective immune response in consequence of the rapid and simultaneous entry of antigens into different, both superficial and deep layers of the lymphoid tissue of the organs.
The aim of the study was to establish the degree of the development of the bone marrow and activity of its hematopoietic function by the morphometric parameters of the bones, where it is localized, and the centers of ossification in conjunction with the development of cartilage and bone tissue, define the features of the histo- and cytoarchitectonics of the hematopoietic components in the centers of the bone ossification in piglets. It is submitted, the results of the complex researching of the structural and functional features in the osseous organs (5th thoracal vertebra, 5th costal bone, sternum) in the 60- days age piglets due to their hematopoietic function. The absolute, relative mass, bone density, availability and relative area of their centers of the ossification, the relative area of bone marrow, cartilage and bone tissue in the centers of ossification and the relative area of bone marrow cells (osteogenic, hematopoietic and adipocytes) and the cell stroma (reticular and endothelial cells , macrophages, fibroblasts) in the zones of primary and secondary spongy osteine was determined. It is established that the red bone marrow is an integral component of the centers of the ossificaton, hematopoietic and osteogenic structure of which, together with the components of the hemopoietic microsurrounding, histogenetic topographically closely interrelated. The development of the bone marrow hematopoietic components in the bones of the axial skeleton in the 60-days age piglets expresses with the scale of the enchondral osteohistogenesis. The morphometric characteristics of the ossification centers, the relative quantity of the cells in the bone marrow and osteine, the presence of a multicomponent system of the hemopoietic microsurrounding and expressed zonal structure of spongy bone substance are the main criteria of the degree of development of the bone marrow and, therefore, of the potential blood-forming. It is found that bone marrow cells in the ossification centers of the axial skeleton in the 60-days age pigs characterized by expressed heterogeneous structure and in the primary areas of spongy osteine it has hematopoietic-osteogenic form, in the areas of secondary spongy osteine – insular or diffuse insular hematopoietic form with the presence of the individual adipocytes, the quantity of which increases towards the central zone of the ossification centers. In the areas of the growth, the main cells` population on the periphery of the centers of ossification are the osteoblast cells. In the centers of the secondary spongy osteine, hematopoietic cells are dominated, the largest «concentration» of their are characteristic for the centers sites with a maximum degree development of morphological features of the osteohistogenesis and remodulation of the bone tissue.
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