Conducting polymers (CPs) have been gathering a great interest in academia and industry by providing the opportunity of combining the electrical properties of a semiconductor and metals with the traditional advantages of conventional polymers such as easy and low cost preparation and fabrication. In this review we examined the conducting polymers-based composites for supercapacitor and batteries, such as conducting polymer-based binary, ternary, and quaternary composites. For their applications in energy storage field, we critically review the development of their applications and the general design rules for energy storage devices including supercapacitors, lithium and other-ions batteries, and their current limitations and future potential to advance energy storage technologies. It is expected that this review will help to improve the knowledge about this conducting polymer and consequently lead to new research fields.
Background: The extensive application of silver compounds especially in nanomedicine, has increased the need to develop environmental friendly and cost effective route to synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Methods: Water, diethyl ether, and ethanol were used in the extraction of Waltheria americana root. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by reacting 0.001 M AgNO 3 solution with the different crude extracts of W. americana root in the ratio of 10:1. The synthesized AgNPs were analyzed using UV-visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and FTIR techniques. The different crude extracts and their synthesized colloidal AgNPs were tested against Proteus species, Streptococcus species, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus, and ciprofloxacin (control). Results: UV-vis results showed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 415, 435, and 425 nm for synthesized colloidal AgNPs from water, diethyl ether, and ethanol extracts, respectively. When screened against all test organisms, the synthesized colloidal AgNPs from diethyl ether extract of W. americana root (WARDEEP) showed more improved antimicrobial efficacy than other crude extracts and their synthesized AgNPs. The strongest antimicrobial activity of WARDEEP against all test organisms were at 400, 100, and 200 mg/mL concentrations for Proteus species and Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella species, and Streptococcus species, respectively. From minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results, it was observed that WARDEEP exhibited a strong antibiotic activity against Proteus and Streptococcus species at a least value of 12.5 mg/ mL concentration. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) results showed that WARDEEP exhibited a minimum antibiotic activity at 25 mg/mL concentration against Proteus and Streptococcus species. Conclusions: Therefore, silver nanoparticles were sucessfully synthesized from all the crude extracts. The synthesized silver nanoparticles could comparatively provide better alternative treatment to both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria than the crude plant extracts.
Sorption of Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ and Cr 2+ in aqueous solution using immobilized Cissus populnea stem bark powder as a bio-sorbent was studied. The maximum sorption capacity of ICPSB on Pb 2+ , Co 2+ and Cr 2+ are 94.20%, 88.19% and 78.97% respectively. Effect of concentration on the sorption capacity of ICPSB shows that sorption capacity increase with increase in concentration while effect of ionic strength curve shows that sorption capacity decrease with increase in ionic strength. Effect of time on sorption capacity of ICPSB was observed between 1-24 hours, it was observed that Pb 2+ recorded the maximum sorption compared with Co 2+ and Cr 2+ . Effect of pH was studied at pH range of 1.0-8.0. Optimal sorption was recorded at pH 8.0 for Pb 2+ . The result of this research has added to the use of a cheaper bio-sorbent i.e. immobilised Cissus populnea stem bark (ICPSB) for sorption of Pb 2+ , Co 2+ and Cr 2+ .
Aims: To investigate the levels and the associated risks of 18 organochlorine residues in water, soil, sediment, and five vegetables cultivated on abandoned mine areas. Study Design: Water, sediment, soil (at 0 -10cm, 11 – 20cn, 21 – 30cn) and vegetables samples were collected from the abandoned tin mine agricultural areas. These subsamples were separately combined and mixed so that a portion taken of the composite was representative of each subsample. The representative fractions were then treated for analysis Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected between February and May 2020 from the cultivated abandoned mine areas in Du, Jos - South Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria, Methodology Liquid–liquid extractions methods were used for the extraction of pesticide residues from water, sediment, soil and vegetables. The organochlorine residues were determined by GC/MS. Results: The physico- chemical properties data obtained for the soils/sediment from abandoned mine sites in Jos South were very heterogeneous, hence, various behaviors of pesticide residues in different soil/sediment matrices. There were no significant differences (P= 0.05) in mean minerals among the various samples. The pesticides residues detected in water were b-endosulfan, p,p-DDD and methoxychlor. The residues recorded in water were above the WHO’s MRL and Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA,) for drinking water. Residues were also detected in sediment and soils samples. The 11 – 20cm subsoil accumulated the highest levels of the pesticide analyzed. The order of the accumulation of the OCP were; y-BHC>DDD>endrin>endrin ketone>a-endosulfan>b-endosulfan and of the sample type was water<surface soil<21-30cm subsoil<sediment<11-20cm subsoil. The results also showed the presence of OCPs in potato, tomato, cabbage, green beans, and green peppers. y-BHC in potato, tomato and green pepper, endrin in tomato, endrin ketone in potato, tomato and green beans and d-BHC in cabbage had EDI higher levels than ADI and so their HQ greater than 1. The health risks indices (HRI) less than 1 in all other OCP residues were obtained for adults and children that would consume the vegetables except for y-BHC and endrin ketone in potato and tomato, d-BHC in cabbage, d- BHC in green pepper and green beans where the HRI is above 1 that poses health risk. There is however no significant difference (P=0.05) among vegetable types. Positive correlation values ( 0.72, 0.83, 0.71, and 0.56) were observed between endrin and lindane, endrin and heptachlor, endrin and DDT respectively. Conclusion: The consumption of vegetables that contained y-BHC, d-BHC, endrin and endrin ketone whose EDI and HQ were greater than 1 could pose non-carcinogenic health risks. Adults are likely to have less health risk from consuming these vegetables. The effective monitoring of pesticide residues in food items is required. There is also need to sensitize and educate the general public especially the end-users (farmers) on management practices of pesticides.
Background: Plant’s kingdom provides new and important leads against various pharmacological targets due to the current wide spread of belief that green medicine is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs. The medicinal property of plants step from their ability to synthesize aromatic substances and secondary metabolites that are potent bioactive compounds found in medicinal plant parts that are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs. In the present study, the leaf, stem, and root extracts of Waltheria americana were evaluated for phytochemical compositions and their correlation matrix. Methods: Quantitative and quantitative standard methods of analysis were used to evaluate the presence, amount, and the correlationships of the different phytochemicals in the leaf, root and stem of W. americana plant. Results: The quantitative phytochemicals percentage composition of W. americana varied with large ranges for alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, but short ranges occurred of terpenes and cardiac glycosides. Alkaloids had the highest percentage composition and cardiac glycosides showed the lowest for all the plant parts. The stem seems to be the major area of phytochemical production than other parts of the plant, indicating that the stem of W. americana could serve as a major source of phytochemicals in any herbal concoction. “The correlation” of phytochemical constituents, alkaloids and tannins in the leaf were positively and significantly correlated with cardiac glycosides in the stem at 95% confidence respectiely. However, no correlation was observed of any phytochemicals in the other plant. Conclusion: These findings indicated that the production, quantification, and distribution of these phytochemicals were complimentary in nature in Waltheria americana plant, and the shoot may have played a major role in this regard
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