Conducting polymers (CPs) have been gathering a great interest in academia and industry by providing the opportunity of combining the electrical properties of a semiconductor and metals with the traditional advantages of conventional polymers such as easy and low cost preparation and fabrication. In this review we examined the conducting polymers-based composites for supercapacitor and batteries, such as conducting polymer-based binary, ternary, and quaternary composites. For their applications in energy storage field, we critically review the development of their applications and the general design rules for energy storage devices including supercapacitors, lithium and other-ions batteries, and their current limitations and future potential to advance energy storage technologies. It is expected that this review will help to improve the knowledge about this conducting polymer and consequently lead to new research fields.
Background: The extensive application of silver compounds especially in nanomedicine, has increased the need to develop environmental friendly and cost effective route to synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Methods: Water, diethyl ether, and ethanol were used in the extraction of Waltheria americana root. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by reacting 0.001 M AgNO 3 solution with the different crude extracts of W. americana root in the ratio of 10:1. The synthesized AgNPs were analyzed using UV-visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and FTIR techniques. The different crude extracts and their synthesized colloidal AgNPs were tested against Proteus species, Streptococcus species, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus, and ciprofloxacin (control). Results: UV-vis results showed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 415, 435, and 425 nm for synthesized colloidal AgNPs from water, diethyl ether, and ethanol extracts, respectively. When screened against all test organisms, the synthesized colloidal AgNPs from diethyl ether extract of W. americana root (WARDEEP) showed more improved antimicrobial efficacy than other crude extracts and their synthesized AgNPs. The strongest antimicrobial activity of WARDEEP against all test organisms were at 400, 100, and 200 mg/mL concentrations for Proteus species and Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella species, and Streptococcus species, respectively. From minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results, it was observed that WARDEEP exhibited a strong antibiotic activity against Proteus and Streptococcus species at a least value of 12.5 mg/ mL concentration. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) results showed that WARDEEP exhibited a minimum antibiotic activity at 25 mg/mL concentration against Proteus and Streptococcus species. Conclusions: Therefore, silver nanoparticles were sucessfully synthesized from all the crude extracts. The synthesized silver nanoparticles could comparatively provide better alternative treatment to both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria than the crude plant extracts.
Sorption of Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ and Cr 2+ in aqueous solution using immobilized Cissus populnea stem bark powder as a bio-sorbent was studied. The maximum sorption capacity of ICPSB on Pb 2+ , Co 2+ and Cr 2+ are 94.20%, 88.19% and 78.97% respectively. Effect of concentration on the sorption capacity of ICPSB shows that sorption capacity increase with increase in concentration while effect of ionic strength curve shows that sorption capacity decrease with increase in ionic strength. Effect of time on sorption capacity of ICPSB was observed between 1-24 hours, it was observed that Pb 2+ recorded the maximum sorption compared with Co 2+ and Cr 2+ . Effect of pH was studied at pH range of 1.0-8.0. Optimal sorption was recorded at pH 8.0 for Pb 2+ . The result of this research has added to the use of a cheaper bio-sorbent i.e. immobilised Cissus populnea stem bark (ICPSB) for sorption of Pb 2+ , Co 2+ and Cr 2+ .
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