Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars need to be grafted on suitable rootstocks for their propagation, but grafting success is uncertain, preventing producers to meet plant demand. Thus, there is a need for a better grafting method that in addition to increase success rate, allows us an early detection of success. Here, we have developed an alternative grafting technique that achieves these goals using young potted seedlings of terebinth rootstock and reduced size micropropagated scions from commercial cultivars. During micropropagation of pistachio cultivars we studied the effects of the application of antioxidants together with the growth regulators meta-Topolin and paclobutrazol on in vitro cultures to overcome the issues identified in the different phases of micropropagation: culture initiation, multiplication and rooting. Grafting succeeded using scions derived from in vitro cultured micro-shoots both from acclimated and non-acclimated plants. With this protocol, up to 75.7 % successful grafts were obtained, and grafted plants resumed growth from day 3, being ready for transplant a few months later. Sustained on our results, we present a simple and reliable system to reduce production time by ex-vitro grafting of shoottips from in vitro cultures onto 4 weeks old terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) rootstock seedlings grown in pots.
Aim. To evaluate visual results and patient-perceived outcomes in patients with ocular pathologies implanted with a new extended depth-of-focus intraocular lens (IOL). Methods. Patients with ocular pathology undergoing cataract surgery and bilaterally implanted with Vivity® IOLs were evaluated three months after surgery. The control group included patients with no ocular pathologies. Binocular defocus curves, corrected and uncorrected mono- and binocular distance visual acuity (DVA), and binocular contrast sensitivity were measured. Patients completed the Catquest-9SF questionnaire and reported on dysphotopsia and their need for spectacle-correction. Results. Twenty-five patients were included in each group. Monocular uncorrected DVA was better in the control group (−0.01 ± 0.07) compared with the study group (0.03 ± 0.08), p = 0.027 . There were no other statistically significant differences in DVA, with an uncorrected binocular acuity of −0.06 ± 0.06 for the control group and −0.05 ± 0.06 for the study group. Binocular defocus curves were similar for both groups and there were no differences in contrast sensitivity values. Pooling the refractive results, 96% of eyes were within ±0.50 D of target refraction. Seventy percent of patients in the control group reported no halos, compared with 40% in the study group, p = 0.047 . In both groups, 40% of patients reported being completely spectacle-independent, with the other 60% requiring glasses for near vision always or often. All patients reported being fairly or very satisfied with their vision. Conclusion. Initial results of visual function after Vivity implantation in patients with ocular pathologies are encouraging, with high patient satisfaction and few difficulties for daily activities.
Pistachio culture is hampered both by the difficulty of propagation by grafting varieties of interest and by the lack of a clonal selected rootstock. The application of in vitro culture techniques would allow the clonal propagation of Pistacia species, as well as to perform in-depth studies of factors affecting grafting. In vitro P. vera cultures were initiated from nodal explants, whereas cultures of P. terebinthus were initiated from in vitro-germinated seeds. The multiplication rate of both species in vitro was close to 2 shoots per shoot every 3 weeks. A high rooting percentage (82%) of P. terebinthus was obtained in a modified WPM medium and plants were successfully transplanted to the greenhouse. Shoot apices of P. vera of 10-20 mm length were grafted in vitro on rooted or unrooted shoots of P. terebinthus in which the apex was removed, and the evolution of the graft unions was studied. Over 70% of the grafted plants survived during the first 3-5 weeks and some plants continued their growth in the greenhouse. Similarly, control selfgrafted P. terebinthus were studied, and these homografts showed that while the technique of grafting in vitro is promising in studying graft evolution, it needs to be improved by identifying the factors that affect cell necrosis.
Pistachio grafting often shows a high degree of uncertainty, with variable and inconsistent results with commonly used rootstocks, producing irregular orchards and frequent regrafting. Besides, the size of the buds of pistachio cultivars far exceeds that of the juvenile rootstock terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.), widely used in Spain, making pistachio grafting more difficult. Here, we have applied in vitro techniques to obtain reduced-size cultivars that match to the rootstock size. By reducing bud/scion of pistachio cultivars we can thus graft them on terebinth seedlings few weeks after germination. The female cultivars 'Larnaka', 'Kerman' and 'Sirora', as well as the male cultivar 'Peters' and the selection AD15 have been successfully cultivated in vitro. Grafting was performed on juvenile terebinth plants grown in small containers using a) micropropagated and acclimatized pistachio plants or b) in vitro grown shoot-tips as scion source. We have got up to 68% successful grafts with scions derived from in vitro techniques. Scions resumed growth few days after grafting, and time required to obtain new plants was significantly shortened.
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