The rheological behaviour of organoclay nanocomposites based on natural rubber (NR) and chlorine substituted isobutyl-isoprene rubber (CIIR), was investigated separately. For the study, an organoclay Nanomer I.44P treated with a surfactant containing hydrogenated tallow, quaternary ammonium chloride, was used. The linear dynamic viscoelastic measurements indicated that the viscosity of NR/ organoclay nanocomposites increased as the nanofiller content increases from 0 to 10 phr. NR nanocomposites showed the network formation, however, real solid like behaviour was not observed as reported in the case of other polymer/clay nanocomposites. The extent of exfoliation of nanofillers in NR nanocomposites was estimated using their shear thinning behaviour. Form factor calculations based on TEM data indicated excellent dispersion of clay in the NR matrix. The modeling of the linear dynamic viscoelasticity in NR nanocomposites has been done using the Carreau-Yasuda model (CY model).Interestingly, the behaviour of CIIR nanocomposites was very different from NR nanocomposites. CIIR/ organoclay nanocomposites did not show any variation in the viscosity as the filler loading varies from 0 to 10 phr. Viscosity and modulus plots as a function of frequency with varying clay content coalesced into a master curve indicating lack of interaction between clay and CIIR matrix. This has been explained based on polarity mismatch, steric effects and high viscosity of CIIR as compared to NR. The WAXD and TEM analyses showed an intercalated and agglomerated morphology for CIIR/clay nanocomposites. The behaviour of CIIR nanocomposites in this study has been explained by suggesting a different mechanism, where nanofillers are encapsulated in certain "pockets". The mechanism proposed on CIIR nanocomposites is supported with the help of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Concrete is one of the common materials for producing different construction-related structures around the world, mainly due to its low cost, availability, long period of durability, and ability to withstand very bad weather conditions. Glass and plastics have become an inseparable and integral part of our lives. The amount of glass and plastics consumed annually has been growing steadily. Its low density, strength, user-friendly designs, fabrication capabilities, long life, lightweight, and low cost are the factors behind such phenomenal growth. Glass and plastic are found in municipal solid waste (MSW), and they are of the most used daily materials; they can be used as a construction material in buildings or primarily in the form of containers, etc. This paper focuses on replacing some fine and coarse aggregates in concrete with waste plastic and waste glass. To evaluate the effects of including these wastes, mechanical tests like compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural tests conducted on samples prepared with four different percentages of fine and coarse aggregate replaced with fine and coarse plastic and glass waste together. From the results obtained, it was seen that waste plastic and waste glass together reduces compressive strength, flexural strength, and density, while in some proportions of replacement increased splitting tensile strength and water absorption percentage; however, the results are in a manner that even though the concrete produced with such aggregates can be used for structural applications.
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