Experiments and modeling of non-linear viscoelastic responses in natural rubber and chlorobutyl rubber nanocomposites

Zachariah, Ajesh K.; Chandra, Arup K.; Mohammed, P.K.; Parameswaranpillai, Jyotishkumar; Thomas, Sabu

doi:10.1016/j.clay.2016.01.004

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The linear viscoelastic behavior of CIIR/nanoclay composites also shows similar behavior and it was reported in one of the previous article . These aspects have been discussed by many groups and our group also .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

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Mixed mode morphology in elastomeric blend nanocomposites: Effect on vulcanization, thermal stability and solvent permeability

Zachariah

Chandra²,

Mohamed³

et al. 2017

Polymer Composites

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The localization of organically modified nanoclays in chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR) and natural rubber (NR) blend system was carefully studied by following the vulcanization behaviour, morphology, thermal and solvent permeation characteristics. From the vulcanization studies, it was observed that incorporation of nanoclay platelets significantly affected the viscosity and vulcanization parameters such as cure time, scorch time, rate of cure and the degree of cure. Thermal analysis pointed out that the addition of nanoclay increased the thermal stability of the elastomer blends. The morphology of the blends indicated that the nanoclay platelets were localized at the interface and in both phases (mixed mode morphology) of elastomer blends and this affected the overall properties. The transport characteristics of NR/CIIR blend nanocomposites using toluene as the solvent were also studied. The transport parameters such as the equilibrium uptake, diffusion coefficient and the rate constant have been computed. The transport characteristics have been correlated with the microstructure of the blend nanocomposites. Finally, applied the Peppas–Sahlin model to fit the experimental diffusion data and the fitting was found to be reasonably good. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1659–E1668, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The rubber–clay nanocomposites and rubber–rubber blend nanocomposites were prepared by the method reported elsewhere . Composites are named as given in Table .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed mode morphology in elastomeric blend nanocomposites: Effect on vulcanization, thermal stability and solvent permeability

Zachariah

Chandra²,

Mohamed³

et al. 2017

Polymer Composites

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“…Al(SO 4 ) 2 . 12H 2 O particles in NBR matrix ranging from 5 to 30 phr, T g values gradually increase, restricting the movement of the NBR chain segments because the crosslinking reaction takes place . It is found that a continuous increase of T g value with the increasing NH 4 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Crosslinking behavior and enhanced mechanical properties of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber composites by incorporating aluminum ammonium sulfate particles

Cao

Cai

Wang

et al. 2019

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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The crosslinked structure formed by the metal coordination bonding provides excellent and new properties for rubber materials. Herein, the crosslinking of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) is induced by introducing aluminum ammonium sulfate (NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O) particles. The crosslinking behavior, morphology, mechanical properties, and the Akron abrasion resistance of NBR/NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O composites were fully explored. The results show that the three‐dimensional crosslinking structure is held together by metal–ligand coordination bonds between the nitrile group and AI(III). The coordination crosslink density exhibits a considerable increase with the addition of NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O. Thus, the mechanical properties and abrasion resistance of the obtained composites are better than that of NBR/sulfur system. Interestingly, the elongation at break for NBR/NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O composites is over 2000% due to the nature of coordination bonds. The abrasion volume loss decreases to 0.4 cm3 for NBR/NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O composites with 20 phr NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O particles as compared to 0.75 cm3 for NBR/sulfur system. The obtained NBR composites with facile preparation and excellent mechanical properties make the composites based on metal coordination bonding attractive for practical use. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 879–886

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“…The rubber T g increase in the P30H70X TPE blend is attributed to the interaction between phases which disturbs the molecular relaxation and cooperative mobility between structural units that is required during the glass transition process . As the XHNBR content increases, more carboxyl groups exist in the rubber phase and this could result in a stronger interaction with PA6, thus generating a reduction of the molecular mobility of the amorphous domains located in the close vicinity of the crystals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward superior applications of thermoplastic elastomer blends: double T_g increase and improved ductility

Burgoa

Hernandez

Vilas

2019

Polymer International

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With the aim of curbing air pollution and addressing climate change, the use of low density thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) in transportation could be a useful way to lighten the vehicle weight. For that, melt blending of high performance rubber and thermoplastics is an attractive way of preparing high performance TPEs. In this work, several TPEs have been prepared by melt blending of hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) with polyamide 6 (PA6), adding different amounts of carboxylated HNBR (XHNBR) as compatibilizer: 40/60/0, 40/42/18, 40/30/30 and 40/18/42 (PA6/HNBR/XHNBR). The resulting blends were investigated using melt rheological measurements, morphological observations (scanning electron microscopy and polarized optical microscopy), dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry analysis and mechanical tests. A biphasic morphology was noted for all TPEs. An increase in XHNBR amount changes the morphology from dispersed to co-continuous. This evolution is explained by the change in the melt rheological properties of the HNBR/XHNBR rubber phase. Moreover, the introduction of 42% XHNBR resulted in an increase in the glass transition temperature of both rubber and PA6 phases. This double T g increase phenomenon was attributed to the interfacial interactions between the carboxyl groups in XHNBR and the amine end groups in PA6. Additionally, thermal analysis revealed a reduced crystallinity of PA6 in the blend, which corresponds to enhanced interfacial interactions. The interfacial adhesion and the co-continuous morphology resulted in an improved ductility. This study reveals the possibility of obtaining TPE blends with tunable thermal and mechanical properties by controlling both interfacial interactions and morphology.

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Experiments and modeling of non-linear viscoelastic responses in natural rubber and chlorobutyl rubber nanocomposites

Cited by 15 publications

References 36 publications

Mixed mode morphology in elastomeric blend nanocomposites: Effect on vulcanization, thermal stability and solvent permeability

Mixed mode morphology in elastomeric blend nanocomposites: Effect on vulcanization, thermal stability and solvent permeability

Crosslinking behavior and enhanced mechanical properties of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber composites by incorporating aluminum ammonium sulfate particles

Toward superior applications of thermoplastic elastomer blends: double T_g increase and improved ductility

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Experiments and modeling of non-linear viscoelastic responses in natural rubber and chlorobutyl rubber nanocomposites

Cited by 15 publications

References 36 publications

Mixed mode morphology in elastomeric blend nanocomposites: Effect on vulcanization, thermal stability and solvent permeability

Mixed mode morphology in elastomeric blend nanocomposites: Effect on vulcanization, thermal stability and solvent permeability

Crosslinking behavior and enhanced mechanical properties of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber composites by incorporating aluminum ammonium sulfate particles

Toward superior applications of thermoplastic elastomer blends: double Tg increase and improved ductility

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Toward superior applications of thermoplastic elastomer blends: double T_g increase and improved ductility