A sequential pretreatment method for hydrolyzing rigid hemicelluloses and cellulose content in the bamboo biomass was investigated in this study. The effects of different parameters, such as nature of biomass, type of acid, acid and biomass concentration, were studied. Under the optimum condition of 5% (v/v) HCl-treated biomass and biomass concentration (8%, w/v), the maximum yield of sugar (619 mg/g of biomass) was obtained. The enzymatic hydrolysis parameter conditions were further optimized by response surface methodology-based central composite method. According to the results, the highest yield of sugar (515 mg/g of biomass) was obtained at hydrolysis temperature 50 °C, biomass concentration 8.9%, w/v, enzyme concentration (199.8 mg/g of biomass) and time 60 h, respectively. The effects of untreated, pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed biomass structure and complexity were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques.
In this work, it has been demonstrated that the disadvantages associated with the use of the potassium ferricyanide solution as the catholyte in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) were overcome by using a graphite cathode electrochemically modified with chromium hexacyanoferrate (CrHCF) film. The existing use of potassium ferricyanide solution as the catholyte is limited by the need to replace the catholyte every week and it cannot be used in a sustained manner. The present work evaluates the suitability of the CrHCF modified film as a suitable cathode material in a prototype of a MFC wherein Hansenula anomala is used as the biocatalyst in the anode compartment. The CrHCF film was prepared in the presence of the dopant camphor sulphonic acid to improve the reversibility of the film in phosphate buffer.
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