The study was concerned primarily with characterization of the NF45 membrane. Its pure water permeability, the mass transfer coefficient of NaCl, and the mean radius of the membrane pores were determined. Experiments run with five pure dye solutions and an industrial dye pulp solution confirmed the potential of nanofiltration membrane separation for the treatment of textile dye plant effluent. The effects of such significant parameters as initial solution concentration, transmembrane pressure, and type of dye on two fundamental characteristics of nanofiltration (flux and separation factor) were studied.
A method for local investigation of ultrafiltration membrane pore networks has been developed in order to complement bulk measurements and calculations. An membrane (200 nm) pore network was filled with electrodeposited nickel. Membranes were analysed simultaneously with normal scanning force microscopy (SFM) and electrical-conductivity SFM. Cantilevers coated with cm diamond were used to map both normal force and conductivity. Conductivity images show two kinds of pores: bright pores with diameters of and grey pores with diameters of , depending on the depth of the nickel tubes. The average pore diameter measured from the normal SFM images is , and the ratio of the conductive pores to total number of pores is 49.8%. Preferential flow paths can be established from this technique.
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