Eggs are one of nearly perfect protein foods, offering nutrients of great biological value. However, during storage, egg albumen and yolk components may alter and deteriorate egg quality. Therefore, the aim of this work was to assess egg quality during 9-week storage. Parameters such as Haugh unit, weight loss, egg width and length, specific gravity, yolk and albumen dimensions and their pH were evaluated weekly. A total of 270 eggs (n=5) collected from two different hen strains were evaluated under room (20 to 35 °C in summer; 11.2 to 29.7 °C in autumn) and refrigerated (0 to 5 °C in summer; -3.1 to 6.5 °C in autumn) temperatures. For storage time, an unfolding analysis was accomplished by regression analysis using orthogonal polynomials. As a second approach, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed in order to assess correlations among quality parameters on storage conditions and laying hen strains. By the end of the 9-week storage period, eggs kept under refrigeration presented similar quality parameters to eggs stored at room temperature for only 3 weeks. In contrast, eggs kept at room temperature presented faster degradation from week 1 to 5. No differences on egg quality parameters were noticed between white and brown shells eggs. PCA suggests that better egg quality (first week) was associated mainly with higher egg weight and its specific gravity, Haugh unit and albumen height. Eggs stored at room temperature should be consumed in 2 weeks or refrigerated until 8 weeks, preserving internal quality from farm to retail.Index terms: Weight loss; shell color; Haugh unit; yolk index. RESUMOOs ovos são um dos alimentos que oferecem nutrientes de grande valor biológico. Entretanto, no armazenamento, alguns componentes da clara e gema podem se alterar, deteriorando a qualidade dos ovos. Assim, este trabalho objetivou avaliar semanalmente parâmetros de qualidade como unidade Haugh, perda de peso, largura/comprimento do ovo, densidade específica, dimensões da clara/gema e pH durante 9 semanas de armazenamento. Foram coletados 270 ovos de duas linhagens de poedeiras e avaliados a temperatura ambiente (20 a 35 °C no verão; 11,2 a 29,7 °C no outono) e refrigerada (0 a 5 °C no verão; -3,1 a 6,5 ºC no outono). Para as condições de armazenamento, foi realizada uma análise de desdobramento por regressão por polinômios ortogonais. Ainda, análise de componentes principais (PCA), objetivou avaliar correlações entre parâmetros de qualidade em diferentes condições de armazenamento e linhagens de poedeira. Após 9 semanas de armazenamento, os ovos refrigerados apresentaram qualidade similar àqueles armazenados a temperatura ambiente por 3 semanas. Porém, sem refrigeração, os ovos apresentaram uma degradação mais rápida da semana 1 a 5. Não foram observadas diferenças nos parâmetros de qualidade dos ovos entre as diferentes colorações de casca (linhagens de poedeiras). PCA sugere que a melhor qualidade dos ovos (primeira semana) foi associada principalmente com valores elevados de peso e densidade específica do o...
RESUMOO experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x2, para avaliar o efeito de época de ano, o tipo de forro de polietileno sobre as condições térmicas, de umidade e o desempenho de aves de corte. Foram utilizados quatro aviários, cada um dividido internamente em quatro boxes para alojar 200 aves cada. As variáveis de desempenho avaliadas foram peso vivo, ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e mortalidade das aves do nascimento ao 42º dia de idade. O desempenho das aves foi melhor com aviários com forro. As condições térmicas foram melhoradas cm a utilização de forro nos aviários. Palavras-chave: frangos de corte, ambiente, isolamento térmico, forro ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out in a completely
This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the use of concrete or hard-packed dirt floor in broiler houses. This experiment was carried out in two different phases. The following performance parameters were studied: live weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality. Litter moisture, pH and temperature were measured. Litter residual contamination after cleaning and disinfection was also evaluated. A dry bulb thermometer, a wet bulb thermometer, and a black bulb thermometer were placed inside each broiler house at bird height and outside the broiler house for data collection. Environmental data were collected at 3h intervals from 00:00 to 24:00 hours during weeks 4, 5, and 6 of the grow-out. Based on the collected data, air relative humidity (RH) was determined, after which wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and Radiant Heat Load (RHL) were calculated. There were no differences in live performance parameters. However, total mortality and sudden death were higher in birds raised on dirt floor. On days 0, 14 and 35, litter pH was higher in the dirt floor as compared to the concrete floor, but at the end of the grow-out, this difference disappeared. There was a cubic effect of bird age on litter moisture, which increased up to day 28, and then stabilized or decreased. Litter coliform contamination was higher at the end of the grow-out as compared to that found at housing, but it was not influenced by floor type. The general thermal comfort of broiler raised on dirt floor was similar to that of broilers raised on concrete floor.
R ESU M ONeste trabalho objetivou-se realizar imagens termográficas da superfície de telhas visando avaliar sua temperatura superficial. Os tratamentos mensurados se constituíram de: T1 -Telha Coppo Venneto Ondulada Cinza; T2 -Telha Coppo Venneto Ondulada Marfim; T3 -Telha Plana Marfim; T4 -Telha Plana Cinza; T5 -Telha de Barro Colonial esmaltada; T6 -Telha Ondulada de Cimento Amianto e T7 -Telha de Barro Francesa. Cada unidade experimental foi composta de três telhas sobrepostas uma sobre a outra, exceto no tratamento de telha ondulada de cimento amianto. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os dados coletados em cada horário foram analisados por meio do modelo de medidas repetidas, utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do SAS. As temperaturas da superfície inferior das telhas foram muito parecidas ao longo do dia. As telhas com coloração marfim obtiveram melhores valores de temperatura superior e inferior que as telhas com coloração cinza, nas respectivas categorias. A telha de barro colonial obteve maior temperatura da superfície inferior que as demais telhas. Palavras-chave: ambiência animal, conforto térmico, tipos de cobertura, telhadoThermographic analysis of the superficial temperature of roof tiles A B ST R A C T The objective of study was to get thermographic images from the surface of roof tiles to evaluate their tempertures. The evaluated treatments were: T1 -grey Coppo Venneto wave tiles ; T2 -Ivory-colored Coppo Venneto wave tiles; T3 -Ivory-colored, plain tile; T4 -plain, grey roof tile; T5 -glazed clay colonial tile; T6 -Asbestos wave tile T7 -French clay tiles . Each treatment was made up of three tiles which were piled one top of the other, except for the asbestos tiles. The experimental design was in randomized block with three repetitions. The data which were collected in each set time were analyzed through the repetitive measure model, using the MIXED procedure -SAS. The temperatures of the inferior surface of the tiles were very similar throughout the day. The ivory colored tiles had better superior and inferior temperature than the grey-colored ones in their respective category. The glazed, clay colonial tile presented a larger temperature of inferior surface than the other tiles.
Avaliou-se a atuação da casca de arroz e da palhada de soja como substrato para compostagem de carcaça de frangos de corte, observando a degradação dos dois substratos e das carcaças pelo monitoramento da temperatura, peso das carcaças e dos substratos e análise físicoquímica do produto final. As câmaras foram montadas com carcaças de 10 aves recém abatidas, com quatro repetições no tempo. Instalou-se em cada câmara um termopar para registro da temperatura. O substrato e as carcaças foram pesadas separadamente, no início, aos 15 e aos 30 dias de compostagem. Ao final de cada período, foram realizadas análises físico-química de amostras de cada câmara, avaliando-se o pH e os teores de matéria seca, cinzas, P, N, K, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe e carbono orgânico. Concluiu-se que a palhada de soja pode ser usada como alternativa para substrato de compostagem de carcaças de aves, atendendo à relação C/N exigida pela legislação ao final da terceira reutilização. A casca de arroz, da mesma forma, pode ser utilizada na compostagem de carcaças de aves, porém reutilizada por maior número de vezes. A decomposição das carcaças foi significativamente maior, em percentual, na palhada de soja ao final do quarto período de compostagem (p 0,05). Palavras-chave: composição físico-química, decomposição, pilhas de compostagem. ABSTRACT. Rice husks and soy straw as substrate for composting of broiler carcasses. The performance of rice husks and of soy straw were evaluated as substrate for on-farm poultry carcass composting, observing the degradation of the two substrate and of the carcasses through monitoring the temperature, weight of the carcasses and of the substrate and physiochemical analysis of the final product. The piles were arranged with carcasses of 10 recently slaughtered birds, with four repetitions in time. A thermo pair was installed in each pile to register the temperature. The substrate and the carcasses were weighed separately, in the beginning, day 15 and day 30 of composting. At the end of each period, the physiochemical analysis of samples were made from each pile, evaluating the pH, the dry material, ashes, P, N, K, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe and organic carbon. The conclusion was that soy straw can be used as alternative for substrate for composting of broiler carcasses, complying to the C/N demanded by the legislation at the end of the third reuse. The rice coat can also be used as substrate for composting of broiler carcasses and reused a larger number of times. The decomposition of the carcasses was significantly larger, in percentage, in the soy straw at the end of the fourth composting period (p < 0,05).
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