Musical training has been shown to have positive effects on several aspects of speech processing, however, the effects of musical training on the neural processing of speech prosody conveying distinct emotions are yet to be better understood. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate whether the neural responses to speech prosody conveying happiness, sadness, and fear differ between musicians and non-musicians. Differences in processing of emotional speech prosody between the two groups were only observed when sadness was expressed. Musicians showed increased activation in the middle frontal gyrus, the anterior medial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex and the retrosplenial cortex. Our results suggest an increased sensitivity of emotional processing in musicians with respect to sadness expressed in speech, possibly reflecting empathic processes.

The incidence of tuberculosis has risen in many parts of the world, and more attention is being focused on genitourinary tuberculosis (GT), the second most common extrathoracic form of tuberculosis. Although chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, ablative surgery as a first-line management may be unavoidable for sepsis or abscesses. In cases with hydronephrosis and progressive renal insufficiency caused by obstruction, renal drainage (by stenting or nephrostomy) must be performed immediately. In all other situations triple-drug chemotherapy should be undertaken for at least 6 months and stable conversion obtained before ablative or reconstructive surgery is planned. Nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy is indicated for nonfunctioning or poorly functioning kidneys, particularly if continuous flank pain or hypertension is present. Stenosis of the ureter usually can be managed by temporary stenting and adjuvant corticosteroid therapy. Today the indications for augmentation are rare, but bladder replacement may be combined with ureter replacement using segments of intestine.

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