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Curcumin, the main bioactive material found in turmeric, has been extensively studied as a curative measure for variety of diseases. Besides its high therapeutic value, curcumin possess some inherent limitations like poor aqueous solubility, less bioavailability, rapid metabolic rate, and fast elimination from the body. In the present study, nanoformulation of curcumin was discussed to improve its potentials and to reduce the disadvantages. The curcumin nanoparticles have been synthesized by wet-milling technique and have been characterized using FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, TEM, and XRD. The results showed that the particles have a uniform dispersion and possess spherical shape with size ranging from 10-30 nm. FTIR studies showed that there was no change in the chemical structure of curcumin during the nanoparticle synthesis process. The anticancer activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was studied against DLD-1 (colorectal cancer) cell lines and cytotoxic evaluation was done against L929 (fibroblast) cells. It was observed that the curcumin nanoparticles significantly reduce the cell viability of DLD-1 cells in a concentration dependent manner and less toxic on normal L929 cells.

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The design of materials for various biomedical applications is truly challenging since it demands exceptional characteristics such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-cytotoxicity, adequate strength, etc. Several strategies have been developed for the synthesis of nanoparticles based on chemical methods. However, the toxicity limits their applications in biological systems. So researchers are looking for materials that can fulfill green criteria in the sense that they should be renewable, harmless to human health, and environment friendly. Recently, the evolution of nanomedicine led to explore the possibilities of different types of nanomaterials in various applications. Nanoscale polymeric materials and polymer nanocomposites have already proved their versatility in various biomedical applications. This chapter presents a brief overview of the potential of biobased nanomaterials and nanofillers such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, hydroxyapatite, nanotubes, graphene, chitin whiskers, lignin, nano cellulose, etc. and their pros and cons when used in the biomedical field. Bio-based polymers are promising candidates for the next generation nanocomposite materials due to their multi-functionality, renewability, low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility. The chapter begins with the state of the art including the recent developments in the biomedical field and finally, the challenges and future potential of various nanoparticles and polymer nanocomposites are also discussed.

The removal of persistent dye pollutants from wastewater streams has drawn a lot of interest from the scientific community because photocatalysis is the most widely used practical strategy for addressing environmental contamination. Transition-metal oxides are seen to be the most prospective catalysts for efficient and environmental friendly wastewater treatment because of their significant photocatalytic activity, excellent solubility, and durability. In this study, we describe the simple, eco-sustainable and cost effective synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their use as photocatalysts to break down organic dyes like Congo red (CR) and Malachite Green (MG) in aqueous media. In aqueous solution at ambient temperature, ZnO nanoparticles showed outstanding photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 98.9% for the MG dye and 92.8% for the CR dye. The kinetics of photodegradation were also investigated and followed a pseudo-first-order mechanism, with rate constants of 0.0204 min− 1 MG and 0.0123 min− 1 for CR in accordance with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Excellent recycling properties were displayed by ZnO nanoparticles for both dyes and the combined effects of their high adsorption capacity and photodegradation of organic dyes make them an extremely effective and affordable catalyst.