: This paper reviews the impact of resistance to fungicides and insecticides/acaricides on the way crop protection is practised. It is now clear that resistance can develop to virtually any crop-protection product, in any pest, fungal pathogen or even weed. As a limiting factor in crop protection, it is a fact of life. A positive side-e †ect is the precision with which products are used today, with increasing implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes. This is a vital step towards sustainability. This paper describes : past experiences ; current status of resistance ; how resistance management inÑuences current crop protection practices ; regulatory aspects ; and the outlook for the future. It concludes that EU regulations on resistance management must be simple and workable. Chemicals will continue to have a central role in optimising yields from the worldÏs crops, as new tools, including biotechnology, become available for crop protection and resistance management. The cropprotection industryÏs innovations and product stewardship programmes will contribute to sustainable agriculture. This will provide continued beneÐts to users, the environment and society.
Since the commercial introduction of metalaxyl and the outbreaks of resistance that followed soon thereafter, a number of new acylalaninc‐type fungicides have been developed which have or will shortly come onto the market. Based on the understanding that anti‐resistance strategies can only be effective if they are followed by all manufacturers, there has been considerable effort over the past few years to coordinate anti‐resistance strategies among the companies involved. The most important of these is that acylalanine fungicides will only be available in prepacked mixtures with residual contact fungicides so that the use of the single product is excluded. At the same time only two to four applications per season arc recommended and no curative use of the products. In order to ensure the success of such restrictions, it is necessary that their need should be recognized and their enforcement supported by extension and advisory bodies.
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