Review: Resistance as a concomitant of modern crop protection

Abstract

: This paper reviews the impact of resistance to fungicides and insecticides/acaricides on the way crop protection is practised. It is now clear that resistance can develop to virtually any crop-protection product, in any pest, fungal pathogen or even weed. As a limiting factor in crop protection, it is a fact of life. A positive side-e †ect is the precision with which products are used today, with increasing implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes. This is a vital step towards sustainability. This paper describes : past experiences ; current status of resistance ; how resistance management inÑuences current crop protection practices ; regulatory aspects ; and the outlook for the future. It concludes that EU regulations on resistance management must be simple and workable. Chemicals will continue to have a central role in optimising yields from the worldÏs crops, as new tools, including biotechnology, become available for crop protection and resistance management. The cropprotection industryÏs innovations and product stewardship programmes will contribute to sustainable agriculture. This will provide continued beneÐts to users, the environment and society.

Resistance to Boscalid Fungicide in Alternaria alternata Isolates from Pistachio in California

“…During the course of this study, the baseline sensitivity values of A. alternata to boscalid were established. In fungicide resistance management, data on the sensitivity of a pathogen to new chemistry is needed before the fungicide is used widely to serve as baseline information to illustrate shifts in pathogen sensitivity and to provide evidence that control failures occurring in the future could be due to the appearance of resistance in the population (16,35,44). Baseline sensitivities of some important fungal pathogens of other crops to the carboxamide fungicide boscalid has been established.…”

Selection for increased cyproconazole tolerance in Mycosphaerella graminicola through local adaptation and in response to host resistance

“…Since then, fungicide resistance has become a practical problem for farmers and fungicide developers, especially with the move from fungicides that were broad‐spectrum, multisite inhibitors affecting many cellular processes to new generations of systemic fungicides with modes of action that are more specific, targeting a single enzyme or biochemical pathway (Urech et al ., 1997). By the 1980s, nearly 150 species of fungal pathogens had developed some level of fungicide resistance (Urech et al ., 1997). The emergence of resistant phenotypes has caused a substantial loss of efficacy for some fungicides, such as benzimidazoles and dicarboximides (Urech et al ., 1997).…”

“…By the 1980s, nearly 150 species of fungal pathogens had developed some level of fungicide resistance (Urech et al ., 1997). The emergence of resistant phenotypes has caused a substantial loss of efficacy for some fungicides, such as benzimidazoles and dicarboximides (Urech et al ., 1997).…”

Chemical control in integrated pest management

“…The agrochemical industry has become more concerned about the impact of pesticide resistance and has recognised the role of IPM in reducing selection of resistant populations (Urech et al, 1997). Efforts have been made to devise resistance management strategies, to avoid disasters such as the cessation of cotton growing in parts of Mexico and Australia, due to DDT resistance.…”