Laser emission using photonic crystal microcavities (PCM) [1] has opened new ways towards very low threshold and highly efficient solid state lasers with also very small size [2,3]. Recently, the term "thresholdless" has been used in the literature [4] to identify lasers presenting two main features: a spontaneous emission coupling factor (β ) close to 1 and low non radiative losses. Non radiative losses are reduced by several orders of magnitude at cryogenic temperatures, although they can never be completely suppressed. When the spontaneous emission factor β is equal to 1 every photon emitted by the device is emitted in the lasing mode. Such "thresholdless" lasers were proposed by Noda [4] to be realized by combining QDs as light emitters and PCMs as high quality resonators. Using that recipe, ultra-low threshold lasing has been achieved at cryogenic temperatures using an ever-decreasing number of QDs within PCMs. [2,[5][6][7] That strategy was adopted by Strauf et al. to demonstrate near thresholdless lasing at low temperature (4.5 K) by using few QDs (between 2 to 4) as active emitters and a high β =0.85 with power theshold values of 124 nW.[5] Khajavikhan et al. recently demonstrated thresholdless operation at low temperature (4 K) using metallic microcavities instead PCMs. [8] In this work we report a RT continuous wave (c.w.) laser with emission characteristics close to those of an deal thresholdless laser. [6]

In this work, vertically aligned silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with relatively high crystallinity have been fabricated through a facile, reliable, and cost-effective metal assisted chemical etching method. After introducing an itemized elucidation of the fabrication process, the effect of varying etching time on morphological, structural, optical, and electrical properties of SiNWs was analysed. The NWs length increased with increasing etching time, whereas the wires filling ratio decreased. The broadband photoluminescence (PL) emission was originated from self-generated silicon nanocrystallites (SiNCs) and their size were derived through an analytical model. FTIR spectroscopy confirms that the PL deterioration for extended time is owing to the restriction of excitation volume and therefore reduction of effective light-emitting crystallites. These SiNWs are very effective in reducing the reflectance to 9-15% in comparison with Si wafer. I-V characteristics revealed that the rectifying behaviour and the diode parameters calculated from conventional thermionic emission and Cheung's model depend on the geometry of SiNWs. We deduce that judicious control of etching time or otherwise SiNWs' length is the key to ensure better optical and electrical properties of SiNWs. Our findings demonstrate that shorter SiNWs are much more optically and electrically active which is auspicious for the use in optoelectronic devices and solar cells applications.Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 404 2 of 18 time-consuming and therefore hindered their applications for commercialized products. In contrast, an effective and promising synthetic method namely metal assisted chemical etching (MACE) has been proposed [2,4,[18][19][20]. This technique is simple, rapid, low cost, and suitable for both industrial and laboratory scales. Moreover, MACE allows to obtain high crystalline SiNWs quality, as well as an easy control of the different parameters including orientation, doping type, length, and diameter.The MACE method basically consists of two procedures, the formation of metal catalysts and the subsequent etching process which can be implemented either in a single step (1-MACE) [10,21] or in two steps (2-MACE) [17-20]. Moreover, the formation method, etching time, etching temperature, metal deposition time, and lastly the etchants' concentrations have a crucial influence on the morphology of SiNWs [2,5,17]. Ghosh et al. reported that SiNWs grown by MACE are usually covered with silicon nanocrystals due to the side wall etching and which are the origin of quantum confinement (QC) effects owing to their small dimensions [20]. Recently, several research groups have succeeded in the synthesis of optically-active SiNWs exhibiting a significant PL emission and a very low reflectance [3,4,17]. On the other hand, Qi et al. have demonstrated the fabrication of electrically-active SiNWs through heavily doped SiNWs with rough surface where a high Schottky barrier exists at the interface of SiNWs and the metal [22]. Nevertheless, further investigation is required t...

We present a model for the filtration of dislocations inside the seed window in epitaxial lateral overgrowth ͑ELO͒. We found that, when the additive effects of image and gliding forces exceed the defect line tension force, filtering can occur even in the openings. The model is applied to ELO of InP on Si where the opening size and the thermal stress arising due to the mask and the grown material are taken into account and analyzed. Further, we have also designed the mask patterns in net structures, where the tilting angles of the openings in the nets are chosen in order to take advantage of the filtering in the openings more effectively, and to minimize new defects due to coalescence in the ELO. Photoluminescence intensities of ELO InP on Si and on InP are compared and found to be in qualitative agreement with the model.

Single-mode second-order distributed feedback (DFB) lasers with low threshold, based on polystyrene films doped with 30 wt: % of the hole-transporting organic molecule N,N 0 -bis (3-methylphenyl)-N,N 0 -diphenylbenzidine (TPD) are reported. The laser emission wavelength was tuned between 415 and 427 nm by film thickness variation. The effectiveness of the DFB grating in improving the laser performance is evidenced by the observation of linewidths and laser thresholds lower than those of the amplified spontaneous emission characteristics shown by films without gratings. The use of holographic lithography as the technique for grating recording has allowed us to prepare large samples in a fast, versatile, and simple manner.

A single-junction germanium solar cell with a photonic crystal nanostructured surface has been developed. The solar cell comprises a Ge p-n junction and an InGaP window layer. The InGaP window layer has been nanopatterned with an extended photonic crystal structure consisting on a triangular lattice of holes with submicronic sizes. Enhancements of the external quantum efficiency of 22% for a wide range of wavelengths and up to a 46% for specific wavelengths have been measured, which implies an increase in photocurrent between 11% and 22%. A clear correlation with the area of photonic crystal patterned has been observed.

Long distance ͑1.4 m͒ interaction of two different InAs/GaAs quantum dots in a photonic crystal microcavity is observed. Simultaneous coupling of both quantum dots to the cavity is demonstrated by Purcell effect measurements. Resonant optical excitation in the p state of any of the quantum dots, results in an increase in the s-state emission of the other one. The cavity-mediated coupling can be controlled by varying the excitation intensity. These results represent an experimental step toward the realization of quantum logic operations using distant solid-state qubits. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.193301 PACS number͑s͒: 78.67.Hc, 42.50.Ex, 78.67.De Efficient quantum information applications require qubits with low decoherence rates, fast manipulation times, and easy scalability.1 These requirements are met by qubits based on electron spins or excitons in semiconductor quantum dots ͑QDs͒. Coupling of single semiconductor QD excitons to a microcavity confined electromagnetic mode has different advantages depending on the coupling strength. Weak coupling allows enhanced optical efficiency associated to the exciton decay time reduction by the Purcell effect.2 In the strong-coupling regime, the system presents entangled lightmatter states that can be used as building blocks for transmission of quantum information, 3 qubit readout, 4 production of entangled pairs by compensation of the natural exciton fine structure splitting, 5 and lasing. 6 Single QD-cavity coupling has been demonstrated in the past years, 7-13 showing interesting cavity-quantum electrodynamics effects. The possibility of using two or more qubits coupled by a single optical microcavity is appealing for it can provide techniques for long distance, fast interactions between qubits.14-16 New dynamical phenomena are expected in these systems, which are dependent on the relative energy scales of the coupling between qubits and between qubits and the cavity mode ͑CM͒. In randomly distributed QDs samples it is statistically difficult to have two or more QDs both spatially and spectrally coupled to a microcavity mode. Some approaches have been proposed to obtain this type of coupled system, [17][18][19] which rely on the deterministic location of the QD in the cavity.12,20 Coupling of several QDs to a single cavity mode has been reported as the origin of lasing at very low threshold. 21In this Brief Report, we show that exciton states of two semiconductor quantum dots with large lateral separation interact through a microcavity confined optical mode. Individual and simultaneous coupling of the QDs to the CM is demonstrated by changes in photoluminescence ͑PL͒ emission intensity and spontaneous emission rate ͑Purcell effect͒ when the QD excitons are brought into resonance with the CM. Cavity-mediated inter-QD interaction is demonstrated by PL excitation ͑PLE͒ measurements, in which resonant excitation at the p state of any of the QDs increases the s-state emission of the other one. The microcavity-mediated interaction of the two QDs can be controlled by vary...

We have developed a low-cost, fast and sensitive plasmonic sensor with a large-size for easy handling. The sensor is formed by a Au nanobelt grating fabricated by soft lithography with a period of 780 nm and a width of 355 nm in an even and uniform area of ~2 × 2 cm. The sensor uses the Fano-shaped third order mode localized plasmon resonance of the Au nanobelts, which appears in the visible part of the transmission spectrum. We have found a detection resolution of 1.56 × 10 refractive index units with a temporal resolution of 1 s in a sensing area of 0.75 × 0.75 mm. The high uniformity and size of the sensor permit the detection using a simple optical system, which provides the device with the potential to be used as an easy to handle, portable and disposable sensor.

Abstract:The spontaneous emission rate and Purcell factor of selfassembled quantum wires embedded in photonic crystal micro-cavities are measured at 80 K by using micro-photoluminescence, under transient and steady state excitation conditions. The Purcell factors fall in the range 1.1 -2 despite the theoretical prediction of ≈15.5 for the figure of merit. We explain this difference by introducing a polarization dependence on the cavity orientation, parallel or perpendicular with respect to the wire axis, plus spectral and spatial detuning factors for the emitters and the cavity modes, taking in account the finite size of the quantum wires. ©2012 Optical Society of America