Fundamental needs such as adequate food, clothing, and shelter are the foundation of social well-being. With the increasing world population, the number of undernourished people is also gradually increasing. This situation triggers increased concern that groups with different socioeconomic characteristics in developing countries will not have sufficient access to the food necessary for a healthy life. Consequently, the food insecurity issue has become a global topic of interest. Identifying the determinants of household food insecurity is important to develop policies to eliminate or reduce the significant inequalities in households’ access to food. This study seeks to identify the dynamics of households’ food insecurity in Turkey through Income and Living Conditions Longitudinal Microdata applying the random effects logit model. We found that as education level, health status, and income increase, the likelihood of food insecurity significantly decreases. The probability of food insecurity for males is 4% higher than for females. Education and income are the most influential variables of food insecurity. We also measured the average increase in food insecurity over the years compared to the reference year of 2014. Food insecurity has increased by more than 1.5 over the years in Turkey.
Öz: Tasarruflar makroekonomik büyümenin önemli bileşeni iken, hanehalkı tasarrufları toplam tasarruflar içerisinde önemli bir paya sahiptir. Hanehalklarının tasarruf değerlendirme şekilleri ise farklı tasarruf araçları içerisinden yapılan seçimlerden oluşmaktadır. Teorik olarak finansal araçlar arasındaki seçimin rasyonel olarak en çok fayda getirecek ürünlerin tercihi yönünde olması beklense de hanehalklarının tasarruflarını değerlendirme şekilleri aslında daha çok alışkanlıklar, eğitim, kültür gibi sosyoekonomik koşullar tarafından şekillenmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma, hanehalklarının tasarruflarını hangi finansal araçlar üzerinden değerlendirdiği ve portföy tercihlerine etki eden sosyoekonomik faktörlerin tespit edilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda hanehalklarının portföy seçimi Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2018 Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi Yatay-Kesit verileri yardımıyla multinomial logit modeli kullanılarak analiz edilmektedir. Analiz sonucunda portföy seçimine etki eden en önemli demografik özelliklerin sırasıyla medeni durum, riske karşı tutum ve eğitim seviyesi olduğudur. Risk sever hanehalkı reisinin hisse senedini tercih etme olasılığı 8.8 kat daha fazla iken, tahvil ve bono tercih etme olasılığı 2.2 kat daha fazla olduğu tahmin edilmiştir.
Indoor air pollution caused by use of biomass energy in heating and cooking affects the health status of household members adversely. In Turkey, despite with the rapid economic growth in the last decade, biomass has been among the most preferred type of energy by households for heating and cooking due to inadequate infrastructure, dependence on foreign energy, and high energy prices. This study aims to provide empirical evidence from Turkey to the literature on indoor air pollution caused by households’ energy choice and health status. This study is analyzed these effects with the random effects panel discrete ordered models using the Income Living Conditions Micro Longitudinal Data Set for the period 2014-2017. As a result of the analysis, we found that age, being a woman, having dependent children, and indoor air pollution have adverse effects on the health status. However, education level, and income level affect the health status positively. The most important result obtained from this study is that even if households have high-income, the inability to access clean energy resources affects their health adversely.
Indoor air pollution caused by the use of biomass energy in heating and cooking adversely affects the health status of household members. In Turkey, with the rapid economic growth of the last decade, biomass has been among the most consumed types of household energy for heating and cooking due to inadequate infrastructure, dependence on foreign energy, and high energy prices. This study aims to add empirical evidence to the literature on health status and indoor air pollution in Turkey caused by households' energy choices. This study analyzed these effects with random effects panel discrete ordered models using the Income Living Conditions Micro Longitudinal Data Set for the period 2014-2017. As a result of the analysis, we found that the factors of age, being female, having dependent children, and indoor air pollution have adverse effects on health status. However, education level and income level affect health status positively. The most important observation obtained from this study is that even high-income households are adversely affected by indoor air pollution due to the lack of access to clean energy resources.
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