The aim of the study is to define the possible effects of electronic payments, which are distinct from conventional payment systems, on central banks and their policies. Since the existence of civilizations, many different values are used for exchange of commodities, goods and services. By the development of modern economics theory, banknotes which is easier to produce, has been started to use instead of precious metals. The monetary value of the banknotes and mintage responsibility were transferred to the central banks. These central banks are tasked with controlling the monetary policies, generally with the goals of economic growth, price stability and stability of financial systems. Recently, the growing understanding of money has became completely different from traditional money and don't control or produce by central banks. However it serves as money and it carries the same specialties. Users are also able to reach and transfer electronic money without intermediaries and central banks. Electronic money is produced and secured by internet codes. Despite the complicated matrix codes, still there are doubts on its security. Some countries prohibited their usage as a policy decision. The most popular electronic money currencies are Bit coin, E-Cash, Visa, PayPal and Check-Free all over the world.

Aim:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed significant negative effects on children and people with disabilities who are classified as socioeconomically disadvantaged groups in addition to individuals in Turkey as in the whole world. Especially, children constitute the most disadvantaged group in families with low socioeconomic status. The situation of these children was analyzed in the study. Also, the performance of health policies for children in COVID-19 pandemic period has been evaluated. Material and Methods: This study was used in the statistics published in Turkey and in various countries. Results: Outbreaks are likely to cause significant physical and psychological problems, especially in children. In particular, the medium and long-term effects of being locked up at home on children when their parents have to work are not known in addition to the social distancing that they experience due to the inability of children to come together with their peers. In addition to the deaths in the near and distant environment due to the disease, the fear of getting sick has also a high risk to form negative effects on the psychological development of children. For this reason, to protect the health of future generations, policies implemented for the health of today's children gain importance. Conclusion:The right to health and education should be universally given to every child. But in developing countries, families cannot provide adequate support to their children for reasons such as unequal income distribution and unemployment. Children are forced to work to support their families when the help of government and institutions is insufficient or cannot be done regularly.

R&D activities and the subsequent technological development are one of the most important elements of sustainable economic growth and development. Many countries have recognized the importance of R&D investments on the road to development and have tried to close their deficiencies by creating a new system with various incentive policies and legal regulations. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between R&D expenditures and GDP for the period 1996-2015 through VAR analysis using selected OECD countries. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Philliphs Perron (PP) unit root tests were performed to determine the stability before study. According to the unit root test results, all the series have been found to be stationary at the level. Results of variance decomposition and impact-response functions show that any change in R&D does not have a significant effect on the GDP balance, but GDP appears to have a significant effect on R&D.

UAE has been founded by uniting of seven emirates that declare independence at 1971. The country has made significant progress in last 45 years related to World Bank. While the poverty has been seen in the emirates during its establishment, they have achieved to the level of developed countries today. The economy of the country depends on production of oil and natural gas resources. The globalization process has affected to commercial and economic policies of the country. Thus, the country is experiencing a rapid transformation. An excessive labor demand has arisen after the increase on the studies about infrastructure-superstructure and foreign capital inflow had been combined. The need for professional labor force will also increase as the goals of the government about creating a knowledge-based and creative economy proceed. UAE has worked to become one of the leader countries in the region related to economic and social issues. Discovery of the petroleum 30 years ago has transformed the poor region to a country which has numerous modern structures.