The aim of the study is to define the possible effects of electronic payments, which are distinct from conventional payment systems, on central banks and their policies. Since the existence of civilizations, many different values are used for exchange of commodities, goods and services. By the development of modern economics theory, banknotes which is easier to produce, has been started to use instead of precious metals. The monetary value of the banknotes and mintage responsibility were transferred to the central banks. These central banks are tasked with controlling the monetary policies, generally with the goals of economic growth, price stability and stability of financial systems. Recently, the growing understanding of money has became completely different from traditional money and don't control or produce by central banks. However it serves as money and it carries the same specialties. Users are also able to reach and transfer electronic money without intermediaries and central banks. Electronic money is produced and secured by internet codes. Despite the complicated matrix codes, still there are doubts on its security. Some countries prohibited their usage as a policy decision. The most popular electronic money currencies are Bit coin, E-Cash, Visa, PayPal and Check-Free all over the world.
This study has been carried out in order to measure friction coefficient of friction materials used in autos through computer program. Variants such as speed, temperature, and pressure have been discussed and the effect of these variants on friction materials of autos. Variants such as speed, temperature, and pressure resulting from various effects in autos have been discussed, the effects of these variants on friction materials have been examined and their friction coefficients have been detected. In the test device whose manufacturing has been completed, temperature value between surface of brake lining and disc used during tests a machinery has been prepared in a way that temperature values are 0-400 C, speed values are 0-1400 rev/min, pressure values are 0-1.05 Mpa. In consideration of these dates, it has become possible to constitute friction coefficient-temperature, friction-time and temperature-time diagrams. By benefiting from the tests to be performed through friction coefficient test device, enhancement or progress will be ensured in material selection, technology and theory. Control pf parameters such as speed, temperature, pressure, force, and friction coefficient to be measured are performed easily through test device; moreover, thanks to electronically sensitivity of electronically and mechanical materials used in test device, it is ensured that you can reach the values you want to reach correctly. Friction tests have been carried out on samples having different properties in auto regulative test device. Friction coefficient values of automotive brake linings in the new system design and manufacturing which is carried out, have been in conformity with SAE-J661 Standard and TSE 555-9076 Standard (Turkish Standards Institution). Test results obtained are in parallel with the literature. LiteratureAt present, it is observed that many industrial organizations engage in very different operations in order for productivity of friction materials to reveal excellent performance. 1,2 A hard and bright surface (decrease in roughness) brings about that friction surface slide over and over more easily. Therefore, new friction linings are subjected to such tests as crushing, cutting, abrasion, heat and water resistance during the construction phase, and during usage it is purposed that the negative effects caused by friction linings due to the problems indicated above during driving are minimized. 2 While moving, vehicle has kinetic energy. In order to reduce its speed, vehicle needs to turn the energy it has into another type of energy. Kinetic energy of vehicle is transformed into heat energy through friction during braking. 3 Absorbing motional energy of brakes, it transforms it into heat and they spread this heat in the atmosphere. In the event that braking systems are exposed to too much heat, friction coefficients within their brake linings decrease and the stopping ability of brakes diminishes. 4,5 In case danger, moving vehicles are exposed to frictional or sliding stress and they are slowed down and stop...
Abstract:The most important factor for designs in which friction materials are used is the coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction has been determined taking such variants as velocity, temperature, and pressure into account, which arise from various factors in friction materials, and by analyzing the effects of these variants on friction materials. Many test instruments have been produced in order to determine the coefficient of friction. In this article, a study about the use of machine learning algorithms instead of test instruments in order to determine the coefficient of friction is presented.Isotonic regression was selected as the machine learning method in determining the coefficient of friction. The correlation coefficient between the results of isotonic regression algorithms and the results taken from the test instruments was measured as 0.9999 and the root mean squared error was 0.0014 in the experiments conducted. Selection of the number of optimum samples was enabled by taking bias-variance tradeoff into account, and this increased the performance of the classifier in use.The target of this study was to prevent the practice of time-consuming test activities by using machine learning methods instead of test instruments in determining the friction coefficient. This presents a solution for decreasing the factors of time and cost.
The deviation values obtained by matching models created by three different methods showed statistically significant results (P < 0.05). Values obtained from the CT-Breuckmann model were lower than those obtained from CT-Metris. In order to lower deviation values, applications such as increasing the resolution of images, using stronger algorithms, meshing methods and enhancing surface form should be implemented.
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