Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the endogenous plant growth regulators that modulate various metabolic and physiological events. To evaluate the exogenous SA-induced germination, biochemical and developmental alterations, different concentrations (10, 100, 500 and 1000 µM) of SA were applied to rye (Secale cerealeL.) seeds in hydroponic culture conditions for 15 days. The observations revealed that seed germination and root elongation were stimulated in 10 µM SA treatment, however they were inhibited in higher concentrations (100 and 500 µM) of SA. Furthermore, there was no germination in 1000 µM SA. The analysis of antioxidant enzymes revealed that although superoxide dismutase activity increased, catalase activity decreased in comparison to control. Besides, lipid peroxidation and peroxidase activity increased in 10 µM SA, whereas they decreased in higher concentrations. Similarly total chlorophyll content increased in 10 µM SA, but it decreased in 100 and 500 µM SA treatments. Moreover anthocyanins and carotenoids increased after SA treatment. In conclusion, exogenous SA application causes developmental and biochemical alterations in rye.
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that decreases crop yield in acidic soils. Al inhibits the root growth and development due to cellular toxicity including nucleus, chromosome and DNA alterations. Although some Al-induced programmed cell death (PCD) features were identified, there are limited comparative and time-dependent studies. The aim of this study is to compare the Al-induced time-dependent DNA fragmentation, the most widely evaluated criterion for PCD in six agronomic plant (maize, wheat, triticale, rye, barley and oat) roots concerning their Al tolerance. Roots were exposed to 100 μM AlCl 3 solution (pH 4.5) for different times (½,
In Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) the development of female flowers (pistillate), between floral meristem differentiation and fruit formation was inspected through histological sections and SEM techniques. The reproductive development of the female flower starts when the apical meristem converts into a floral meristem. Four tepals, four stamens and a carpel are developed from the floral meristem in turn. Filaments emerge however, anther development is arrested, and stamens become nonfunctional staminodes. The stigma is of the dry type. The solid style being short and thick consists of an epidermis, a cortex, a vascular bundle and a core of transmitting tissue composed of elongated cells. In the style a funnel-shaped zone extending from within the stigma to the stylar base is visible. The presence of high amounts of sugars and lipid substances within and around the vascular bundles are identified by histochemical techniques. The ovary contains an anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate ovule. Starch grains are present throughout the development of nucellar tissue. The chalazal region of nuclear endosperm forms a short haustorium. Endosperm does not exist in mature seed; the cotyledons are piled with considerably large starch grains. Idioblasts are observed in all stages of development.
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