The absence of bile in the gut lumen induces mucosal injury and promotes bacterial translocation (BT). Prostaglandin E (PGE) has a protective effect on the mucosal layer of the alimentary tract. We hypothesize that PGE1 may prevent BT by its beneficial action on the mucosa of the small bowel. Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided equally into 3 groups; Group 1 (control) underwent sham laparotomy, group 2 obstructive jaundice (OJ) and group 3 (OJ + PGE1) underwent common bile duct (CBD) ligation and transection. Groups 1 and 2 received; 1 mL normal saline and group 3 received 40 mg of the PGE1 analogue misoprostol dissolved in 1 mL normal saline administered by orogastric tube once daily. After 7 days, laparotomy and collection of samples for laboratory analyses were performed, including bacteriological analysis of intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and blood, and histopathologic examination of intestinal mucosa to determine mucosal thickness and structural damage. Serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels confirmed OJ in all animals with CBD transection. The mucosal damage score was significantly reduced in jaundiced animals receiving PGE1 compared to jaundiced controls (2.15 +/- 0.74 vs 5.3 +/- 0.59; p< .00001) and mucosal thickness was greater (607 +/- 59.1 microm vs. 393 +/- 40.3 microm; p < .00001). The incidence of BT to MLNs decreased from 90% to 30% (p < .02) when jaundiced rats received PGE1. PGE1 treatment reduced the detection rate of viable enteric bacteria in the blood from 60% to 10% (p < .057). We conclude that administration of PGE1 provides protection against OJ-induced atrophy and damage of intestinal mucosa, and thereby prevents translocation of enteric bacteria to underlying tissues.
Objectives: An increasing amount of epidemiological and experimental evidence has been carried out on the relationship between free radical activity and malignancy. The imbalance between free radical production and cellular defense mechanisms has been described in cancers and degenerative diseases like tuberculosis (tb).Methodology: The present investigation has been undertaken to study the levels of lipid peroxide (LP) and antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in sera of lung cancers (Lc) and tb. Forty-two patients and fourteen healthy cases were enrolled into the study. Group I had seventeen subjects with Lc, group II had twenty-five patients with tb and group III had fourteen healthy cases. The malondialdehide (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in sera were quantified.Results: Serum MDA levels in the whole group of patients (Lc and tb) were much higher than in healthy controls. The levels of MDA did not change significantly in the group I vs. group II (p>0,05). The SOD activity in sera from patients with Lc was markedly lower than the other two groups. Activities of SOD in group I significantly decreased as compared to the group II (p<0,001). In the present study although LP levels increased in both tb and Lc patients, the activities of SOD in Lc cases were significantly higher than tb patients.
CONTEXT : Endemic area and iodine supplementation may affect the pathogenesis of the nodule which commonly occurs in endemic thyroid enlargement due to iodine deficiency. AIMS : To establish pathological changes in solitary solid and larger nodule of the thyroid in endemic area. SETTING AND DESIGN: Retrospective study in Surgical Department of University Hospital. METHODS AND MATERIAL : We determined 44 surgically treated patients with solitary solid nodule in endemic goiter area in which the population routinely receives iodinated salt. The thyroid nodule was preoperatively evaluated with blood chemistry, ultrasound, nuclear scanning and FNAC. The results of preoperative evaluation, surgical interventions, and histopathological examination were analyzed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS : Student t test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Twenty (45%;20/44) patients with hot (autonomous) nodule have received the diagnosis of toxic adenoma. Twenty four patients had solitary solid and cold nodule. Total thyroidectomy was performed on two patients with papillary cancer (PTC) diagnosed by FNAC from cold nodules. Forty two patients have been treated with total excision of the lobe including hyper or hypoactive solitary solid nodule. Pathological examination has reported two more cases of PTC and one case of insular cancer arising from cold nodules. Completion thyroidectomy was performed on these 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS : Solitary solid and large nodule is a common indication for thyroid surgery in endemic goiter area. High incidence of hyperthyroidism due to single autonomous nodule, and high rate of malignant change (mainly papillary cancer) in solitary hypoactive nodule arises from this series in endemic thyroid enlargement.
ÖzBulgaristan 110.912 km² yüzölçümü ve 7,1 milyon nüfusuyla Balkanlar'ın önemli ülkelerinden biridir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan 1908 yılında tam bağımsızlığını elde ettikten sonra bir hayli zor zamanlar geçiren ülke, İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği'nin etkisiyle komünizme geçmiştir. Bu dönemden itibaren Türkiye'nin, Bulgaristan ile olan ticari ilişkileri uzun yıllar boyunca istenilen seviyelere çıkamayarak hak ettiği potansiyele ulaşamamıştır. 1991 yılında Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği'nin dağılıp Doğu Bloku'nun çökmesiyle ülke, Batı'ya yaklaşarak sosyalist sistemden vazgeçmiştir. 1991 yılından sonraki süreçte Türkiye ile Bulgaristan arasında ticari ilişkilerde önemli artışlar olmuştur. Bunu müteakiben Bulgaristan'ın 2004 yılında Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Örgütü'ne [North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)], 2007' de ise Avrupa Birliği'ne dâhil olmasıyla iki ülke arasında ticari ilişkiler yeni bir boyut kazanmıştır.Bulgaristan, Balkanlar' da Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan kalan Türk nüfusunun en fazla olduğu ülkelerin başında gelmektedir. Bulgaristan' da Türk nüfusunun bulunması, ticari ilişkilerimizin de gelişmesinde önemli bir etken oluşturmuştur.1969-2016 yılları arasını kapsayan çalışmada Bulgaristan ile süregelen ihracat ve ithalat verileri Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu'nun Harmonize Sistem 4 adlı sınıflandırmasının fasıllar bazında incelenmesiyle elde edilmiştir.
Aim: This study was conducted to determine the internet addiction levels and related factors of the administrative staff working in a university hospital. Method: The research was conducted with 317 employees working in the administrative staff of Mersin University Hospital between February 15 and May 15, 2020 and agreeing to participate in the study. In the study, "Descriptive Characteristics Questionnaire" prepared by the researchers and "Internet Addiction Scale" adapted into Turkish by Şahin and Korkmaz (2011) were used. The data were analyzed in the SPSS program. Results: 44% of the participants were 26-35 years old, 60.7% were female, 36.8% were nurses, 58.2% were married. In the study, the addiction score averages of those aged 18-25, males, singles and civil servants are significantly higher. In the study, internet addiction scale total score average and loss of control, desire to stay online more and negativity in social relations sub-dimension score average were found to be "below the average". Conclusion: In the study, it was determined that the administrative staff were not addicted to the internet.
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