Moreover, women are 1.5 times more likely to be constipated than men (3). Insufficient fluid intake can also be one of the causative factors for constipation by forming a hard stool (15).The study conducted by Dehn et al. (16) demonstrated the relationship between toilet habits and the risk of hemorrhoids. Goldstein et al. (17) attempted to examine the relationship between constipation and reading habits during defecation. However, this study included many bowel diseases besides constipation, and only toilet reading was questioned. In a recently published paper, Berney ( 18) stated that over the last few years they have been getting a lot of complaints from young adults with no significant risk factors referred to them with symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease. He found that the patients mostly reported prolonged sitting time on the toilet due to frequent smartphone usage therefore decided to ask patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms about their smartphone usage during their time on the toilet (18). In his paper, he named this situation the "Smartphone Lavatory Syndrome" (18). The study by Çelik (19) attempted to investigate the relationship between hemorrhoid incidence and smartphone use in Turkey, however, the study is not yet completed.This study aims to evaluate Acıbadem University students' self-awareness of their constipation statuses and investigate whether
This is a case of 52 years old male patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who developed semi-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis while on pegylated-interferon alpha-2a and for chronic hepatitis C infection. This complication is very rarely seen during interferon therapy for other any purposes. Pulmonary aspergillosis in particular group of chronic hepatitis C patients under immunosupressive therapy should also be in mind and interdisciplinary medical cooperation might be needed during the treatment for immune-suppressed patients. Pulmonary aspergillosis is also discussed from many aspects in the light of the literature.
Constipation is the most common digestive complaint in the general population and its etiology is diverse. Defecatory disorder is a common type of constipation where the patient has difficulty during evacuation due to ineffective relaxation of the anal sphincter and/or inadequate abdominal push. Biofeedback therapy for constipation is a technique used to train a patient's mind to control the way their anorectum works. Biofeedback therapy is unfortunately not available in many centers and also not widely recommended by the physicians although its response rate in the treatment of constipation is about 70-80%. Here, the constipation and biofeedback therapy are shortly reviewed under the light of recent literature and, our study observing the percentage of patients who performed BFT in real world upon recommendation and its clinical response rate in our center for anorectal disease as well as the barriers to biofeedback is discussed.
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