Various psychological, biological, and social factors make people vulnerable to mental health problems. These precursory factors as mental distress, are not sufficient alone for diagnosing a mental disorder but are recognised as risks to mental health. There has been no screening tool available in Mongolia that is adequately validated for mental health screening and neuropsychiatric functions of the brain. Therefore, we aimed to translate and validate the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) to identify potential mental distress in healthy people. The HADS is reliable, valid, and practical for identifying the most common psychological disturbances. This nationwide comparative observational study for the validity of a self-reported measure was conducted between June and December 2020. One thousand ninety-four participants were randomly selected, aged 13-75, mean age was 37.7±13.7 years old, 60.9% were females, 63.9% were married. HADS total score was 13.0±5.7, HADS anxiety (HADS-A) score was 6.8±3.6, and HADS depression (HADS-D) score was 6.0±3.1 for the original two-factor model. The external reliability was good in the whole scale, and both subscales using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (0.872, 0.837, and 0.801 for the HADS-T, HADS-A, and HADS-D, respectively). Cronbach's alpha value was 0.776, 0.756, and 0.582, respectively, for the HADS-T, HADS-A, and HADS-D, indicating an acceptable internal consistency for the entire scale but marginal reliability for the HADS-D subscale. The reliability of both the two-factor and three-factor structures of the HADS was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis with a satisfactory model fit on a separate sample. In conclusion, the Mongolian version of the HADS can be considered a valid and reliable measurement tool for various scientific and clinical practices in the general population.
Communication via the sense of touch has long been perceived as an important aspect of human development, social comfort, and well-being. Human somatosensory system has in fact two tactile sub-modalities, one providing the well-recognized discriminative touch input to the brain, and the second–the affective or emotional input. C-tactile system is hypothesized to represent the neurobiological substrate for affective and rewarding properties of touch. Lower relationship quality is associated with lower resilience to stressors and can lead to increased vulnerability to mental health disorders. Based on the existing work, we know that social touch can increase well-being and lower state-anxiety. Our goal was to prove content validity for the Mongolian version with the factor structure of the original English version of the TEAQ. We translated, and adapted TEAQ for Mongolian language version. Original TEAQ-117 items were used in the pilot study. In the present study, enrolled 204 participants, age varied between 18 and 57 years (26.9±8.8), 57.8% were female. Validated TEAQ-57 items English version was used, and Exploratory factor analysis confirmed 55 items with 6 component structure. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good consistency and homogeneity of the 6 factor structure of the TEAQ, and satisfactory model fit. Several subscales of the TEAQ revealed positive correlations on quality of life domains, in contrast negative correlations with anxiety and depression. In conclusion, analysed Mongolian version of the TEAQ-55 is a reliable and valid assessment tool of experiences and attitudes towards touch, and similar to component structure for different cultures (Validated British TEAQ-57, and TEAQ-37 RUS). We expected that Mongolian version of the TEAQ might be a helpful tool for screening mental health issues and researchers.
Based on intergeneration theories, 2721 randomly sampled pollees are classified into 4 generations; namely Gen Z, Gen Y, Gen X and Gen BB. This paper aims to identify the difference between Mongolian generations, especially on subjective criteria to assess politicians. Based on the statistical result of factor analysis, 20 criteria are classified into 5 factors. KMO measurements above .800 and absolute significance value above .30 is used to set the boundaries for criteria grouped in one category and overlapping criteria are examined with ground justifications. Public perception of potential political representatives is researched among each generation, and commonality and discrepancies among generations are explained with quantitative verifications in the following paper. Statistics results reveal that there are common factors between Gen Z and Y, in which they perceive the factors such as the qualification and the public skills in a similar manner. Also, older generations including Gen X and BB have uniform understanding of education and political experience of politicians.
This paper presents an empirical study of representations of Russian and Mongolian youth about a happy family. The research featured 120 young Russian and Mongolian people (age: 18–30). The results were obtained using Charles Osgood’s semantic differential method, Sacks and Levy’s sentence completion test, and various questionnaires. Factorial, cluster, and qualitative analyses were used to process the results. The study revealed some ethnic and gender differences regarding the concept of "happy family". Russian and Mongolian youth appear to follow different ideal models. For Mongolian youth, a happy family was a "large family" and "parental family". For Russian women, a happy family was one with few children, while for Russian men demonstrated opposite views. Therefore, in contrast to Mongolia, the family institution in Russia is developing modern ideas about a happy family life. Mongolian youth use their parents’ family as a model to follow, while Russian young people follow the role models promoted by the media. However, the romantic ideas about marriage were quite similar in both groups.
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