We present a model of the solar atmosphere in the optical depth range from *5000 = 10 -8 to 25. It combines an improved model of the photosphere that incorporates recent EUV observations with a new model of the quiet lower chromosphere. The latter is based on OSO 4 observations of the Lyman continuum, on infrared observations, and on eclipse electron densities.Our model differs from the Bilderberg Continuum Atmosphere (BCA) in the low chromosphere (vs000 < 10-4), where deviations from local thermodynamic equilibrium in hydrogen and carbon have been taken into account. It also differs in the transition region between the chromosphere and the photosphere (10-4< zsooo < 10-2), where the temperature is lower than in the BCA, and in the convective region (TSOOO ~> 2), where the temperature is higher than in the BCA.
An anomaly in science is an observed fact that is difficult to explain in terms of the existing conceptual framework. Anomalies often point to the inadequacy of the current theory and herald a new one. It is argued here that certain scientific anomalies are recognized as anomalies only after they are given compelling explanations within a new conceptual framework. Before this recognition, the peculiar facts are taken as givens or are ignored in the old framework. Such a "retrorecognition" phenomenon reveals not only a significant feature of the process of scientific discovery but also an important aspect of human psychology.
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