Introduction Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are by far the most public health and urgent clinical problems with antibiotic resistance. They cause longer hospital stays, more expensive medical care, and greater mortality rates. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to indicate the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Ethiopia. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Wiley Online Library, African Journal Online, Science Direct, Embase, ResearchGate, Scopus, and the Web of Sciences were used to find relevant articles. In addition, the Joanna Briggs Institute quality appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Stata 14.0 was used for statistical analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed by using Cochran’s Q test and I2 statistics. In addition, publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger’s test. A random effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence. Sub-group and sensitivity analysis were also done. Results The overall pooled prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Ethiopia was 5.44% (95% CI 3.97, 6.92). The prevalence was highest [6.45% (95% CI 3.88, 9.02)] in Central Ethiopia, and lowest [(1.65% (95% CI 0.66, 2.65)] in the Southern Nations and Nationalities People Region. In terms of publication year, 2017–2018 had the highest pooled prevalence [17.44 (95% CI 8.56, 26.32)] and 2015–2016 had the lowest [2.24% (95% CI 0.87, 3.60)]. Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis showed a high prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. So, to alter the routine use of antibiotics, regular drug susceptibility testing, strengthening the infection prevention approach, and additional national surveillance on the profile of carbapenem resistance and their determining genes among Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates are required. Systematic review registration PROSPERO (2022: CRD42022340181).

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Background. Despite the availability of effective medications, tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a serious global public health problem, primarily affecting low and middle-income nations. Measuring and reporting TB treatment outcomes and identifying associated factors are fundamental parts of TB treatment. The goal of this study was to look at the outcomes of TB treatment and the factors that influence them in Sekota, Northeast Ethiopia. Materials and Methods. A facility-based retrospective study was conducted in Tefera Hailu Memorial General Hospital, Sekota town, Northeast Ethiopia. All TB patients who registered in the TB log book and had known treatment outcomes at the treatment center between January 1, 2015, and December 30, 2021, were included in this study. The data was gathered utilizing a pretested structured data extraction format that comprised demographic, clinical, and treatment outcome characteristics. Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were employed. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. A total of 552 registered TB patients’ data were reviewed. Of these, 49.6% were male, 94.4% were new cases, 64.9% were presented with pulmonary TB, and 18.3% were HIV positive. Regarding the treatment outcome, 11.6% were cured, 82.2% completed their treatment, 1.1% had failed treatment, 1.3% were lost to follow-up, and the remaining 3.8% died during the follow-up. The overall treatment success rate among TB patients was 93.8%. The maximum number of successful treatment outcomes was 94.9% in 2021, while the lowest was 86.7% in 2020. The pattern of successful treatment results changes with the number of years of treatment. In the current study, being a new TB patient (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.31–7.32) and being an HIV-negative patient (AOR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.20–5.8) were factors independently associated with a successful treatment outcome. Conclusion. The rate of successful TB treatment outcomes in the current study was satisfactory. This achievement should be maintained and enhanced further by developing effective monitoring systems and educating patients about medication adherence.

The ever-increasing threat of bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance calls for a global effort to deal with this problem. This fast and universal dissemination of antimicrobialresistant bacterial strains resulted in the diminution of therapeutic alternatives for various infectious diseases. Besides, the unaffordability of efficacious antimicrobials coupled with the occurrence of unpleasant adverse effects calls for the exploration of alternative agents with possible antibacterial effect. All these challenges of microbes have posed new drives to the scientific communities. Researchers are now assessing the possible alternative antimicrobial agents for fighting bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, this review emphasizes on the role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents as potential sources of novel antibacterial agents on which preliminary studies and randomized controlled trials had been performed. The review also deals with the possible antibacterial mechanism of actions and the likely effects of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs when combined along with conventional antibacterial agents.

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Background and Aim: Toxoplasmosis is the most widespread zoonotic disease that affects one-third of the world's population, and imposes a major public health problem worldwide. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among patients with neuropsychiatric patients.Methods: Electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Research Gate, and Scopus were thoroughly searched from February to March 2022 to identify all relevant studies. The quality of studies was evaluated using the Newcastle−Ottawa quality scale for case-control and cross-sectional studies.Statistical analysis was done using STATA version 12 software. A random effect model was used to compute the global pooled seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Heterogeneity was quantified by using I 2 value. Subgroup analysis was done, and publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's test.Result: Of 1250 studies, 49 containing 21,093 participants and conducted in 18 countries were included. The global pooled seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG antibody was 38.27% (95% CI: 32.04−44.9) among neuropsychiatric patients and 25.31% (95% CI: 21.53−29.08) in healthy controls with substantial heterogeneity of 98.3%.The prevalence of T. gondii IgG antibody was higher in males (17.52%) than in females (12.35%) neuropsychiatric patients. The highest pooled prevalence of T. gondii IgG antibody was in Europe (57%) followed by Africa (45.25%) and Asia (43%). Time based analysis showed the highest pooled prevalence of T. gondii IgG antibody in 2012−2016 (41.16%).The global pooled seroprevalence T. gondii IgM antibody among neuropsychiatric patients and healthy controls was 6.78% (95% CI: 4.87−8.69) and 3.13% (95% CI: 2.02−4.24), respectively. Conclusion:The pooled prevalence of chronic and acute T. gondii infection among neuropsychiatric patients was 38.27% and 6.78%, respectively. This showed a high

Background Clinical chemistry reference intervals are important tools for health evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring adverse events. Currently used reference intervals in most African countries including Ethiopia are mainly derived from Western populations, despite studies reporting differences that could lead to incorrect clinical decisions. The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for commonly used clinical chemistry parameters for healthy adults in Northeast Ethiopia. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 328 apparently healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 57 years. Blood samples were collected for clinical chemistry analysis using Dirui CS-T240 auto-analyzer and serological testing to screen the population. Medians and 95% reference intervals were computed using non-parametric method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guideline. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare reference values between males and females. Results Reference intervals established were: ALT 11.2–48.0 U/L, AST 16–60 U/L, ALP 53–342.3 U/L, total protein 5.4–8.9 mg/dL, total bilirubin 0.1–1.23 mg/dL, glucose 65–125 mg/dL, total cholesterol 69–213 mg/dL, triglycerides 46–207 mg/dL, creatinine 0.3–1.2 mg/dL and urea 9.5–46.3 mg/dL. Significant sex-differences were observed for ALT, AST, ALP, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and urea. We found that the established reference intervals substantially differ from the reference ranges currently in use. Up to 43.1% of apparently healthy adults are considered as having abnormal test values on the bases of the currently in use reference ranges. If the reference values from the United States based intervals were applied to the study population, 81.8% would have been classified as having abnormal laboratory test results. Conclusions Local population-specific reference intervals were established for commonly used clinical chemistry parameters in adult population of Northeast Ethiopia. Although further study is needed, these reference intervals may have the potential to facility the decision-making process based on laboratory test results in this population.