In this paper, the solar radiation on diversely oriented surfaces and optimum tilts for solar absorbers were assessed. The KT solar radiation model was coded in the MATLAB-based environment to compute the monthly solar radiation values. Seven-year data of monthly average daily solar radiation on a horizontal surface in Bangi, Malaysia (latitude = 3°N) were adopted as input in the simulation programme and the results were compared with the local optimum tilt angle at solar noon and other solar radiation model. The contour mappings of solar irradiation at various orientations in 12 months were presented. Results showed that the surface tilted B20°could intercept a relatively high solar intensity, which was less sensitive to the variation of azimuths with average solar insolation deviation of 11.82 %. The monthly optimum tilt angle altered throughout the year, ranging from -24°(in equator direction) to ?22°(in north direction). The estimated annual optimum slope, 1.4°facing to the equator, was close to local latitude. Based on the seasonal analysis, the northfacing surface was able to intercept higher daily average solar radiation energy compared to south-facing plane. The optimum angles for seasonal south-and north-facing surfaces were found to be 14.4°and 14.8°, respectively, with a tolerable slope deviation of ±5°from the optimal values in the present work.
This study describes the results of a "well-to-wheel" life cycle assessment (LCA) carried out to determine the potential greenhouse gas and criteria pollutant emission reductions that could be achieved by converting associated flare gas directly to synthetic fuels at oil wellheads in the US and globally. A Greyrock Flare Gas-to-Fuels™ conversion process at an Ohio oil well was used as the base case for this LCA. The liquid fuel produced directly from associated gas is comprised primarily of premium synthetic diesel with a small amount of synthetic gasoline. In this LCA scenario, the synthetic diesel and synthetic gasoline are blended at 20 and 10 vol% with petroleum diesel and gasoline, respectively. While the synthetic diesel fuel can be used as is (100%), the 20 vol% synthetic diesel blend (with petroleum diesel) was found to significantly improve engine performance, increase fuel economy, and reduce emissions. The direct conversion of associated gas to synthetic diesel fuels globally could reduce emissions of CO 2 and CH 4 by up to 356 and 5.96 million metric tons/year, respectively, resulting in the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by about 113.3 and 92.2% (20 year global warming potential) and 73.8 and 50.7% (100 year global warming potential) for synthetic diesel and gasoline fuels when compared to petroleum-derived gasoline fuels, respectively. Likewise, diesel criteria emissions could be reduced globally by up to 23.3, 0.374, 42.4, and 61.3 million metric tons/year globally for CO, particulates, NOx, and hydrocarbons, respectively. The potential economic benefit of this approach is that up to 5.30 and 71.1 billion liters of synthetic fuels could be produced each year in the US and globally from associated gas, respectively.Keywords Associated flare gas · Direct synthetic fuel production · Flare emissions · Vehicle emissions · Greenhouse gas emissions · Criteria pollutant emissions · Well-to-wheel life cycle assessments (WTW-LCA) · Economic benefits
Thin-walled structures have been widely used in various structural applications asimpact energy absorbing devices. During an impact situation, thin-walled tubesdemonstrate excellent capability in absorbing greater energy through plastic deformation. In this paper, a review of thin-walled tubes as collapsible energy absorbers is presented.As a mean of improving the impact energy absorption of thin-walled tubes, the influence of geometrical parameters such as length, diameter and wall thickness on the response of thin-walled tubes under compression axial loading are briefly discussed. Several design improvements proposed by previous researchers are also presented. The scope of this review is mainly focus on axial deformation under quasi-static and dynamic compressive loading. Other deformations, such as lateral indentation, inversion and splitting are considered beyond the scope of this paper. This review is intended to assist the future development of thin-walled tubes as efficient energy absorbing elements.
This study have been conducted in an attempt to monitor the changing of tool wear caused by increasing the cutting speed, depth of cut and feed rate. The signal processing analysis was done on the raw signal, the vibration signal then which is analyses by using MATLAB software. The relationship among several parameter of vibration signal, such as energy and maximum amplitude with cutting speed and depth of cut was studied. The material machined was Aluminum Alloy 6061 and uncoated carbide as a cutting tool. At the same time, the cutting temperature was also monitored. The results show that vibration signal can be one of the method to monitor tool wear in turning process via in-situ and therefore can be obtained useful for establishing the end of tool life in these operation. Based on the results the suitable speed and depth of cut range was identified to maximize the tool life
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