NESTE artigo procura-se desenvolver um método para investigar histórias contrafactuais da ciência, isto é, histórias possíveis que não se realizaram. Desenvolvemos uma teoria da ciência baseada na noção de "avanço" (idéias, dados etc.), que são unidades passadas de cientista para cientista e que se conservariam na passagem de uma história possível para outra. Os avanços estão ligados entre si por redes de influência causal, distinguindo-se influências fortes e fracas. Dezenas de tipos de avanços são agrupadas em dez classes. Como estudo de caso, examinamos o surgimento da Física Quântica Velha (1850-1915), utilizando a computação para armazenar e processar as informações históricas. Baseados apenas na literatura secundária, descrevemos quatro grandes histórias possíveis e seis pequenas vias para o surgimento desta teoria. Como continuação do trabalho, teremos que examinar com mais detalhe a história do período, especialmente da ciência experimental, e aprimorar as estratégias para a postulação de histórias contrafactuais.
IN THIS paper, one attempts to develop a method for investigating counterfactual histories of science, that is, possibles histories that did not occur. We develop a theory of science based on the notion of "advance" (ideas, data etc.), which are units passed from scientist to scientist and which would be conserved in passing from one possible history to another. Advances are connected to each other by nets of causal influence, and we distinguish strong and weak influences. Around sixty types of advances are grouped in ten classes. As our case study, we examine the beginning of the Old Quantum Theory (1850-1915), using computation to store and process historical information. Based only on secondary literature, we describe four great possible histories and six small paths to the appearance of this theory. As continuation of the research, we will have to examine in greater detail the history of the period, especially of experimental science, and improve the strategies for postulation of counterfactual histories
No abstract
In 1966 the Brazilian physicist Klaus Tausk (b. 1927) circulated a preprint from the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, criticizing Adriana Daneri,Angelo Loinger, and Giovanni Maria Prosperi's theory of 1962 on the measurement problem in quantum mechanics.A heated controversy ensued between two opposing camps within the orthodox interpretation of quantum theory, represented by Léon Rosenfeld and Eugene P. Wigner. The controversy went well beyond the strictly scientific issues, however, reflecting philosophical and political commitments within the context of the Cold War, the relationship between science in developed and Third World countries, the importance of social skills, and personal idiosyncrasies.
Quantum mechanics presents an impressive record. It became the backbone of most research in physics, led to applications such as the transistor and laser, and prompted an upheaval in the philosophy of science. This century of conquests has also been a time of ongoing debates about the foundations and interpretation of the theory, which has been referred to as the quantum controversy. This Handbook is a survey on these debates. Some of the so-called “interpretations” are not interpretations of a fixed formalism, they are different theories, thus it has been a debate about the interpretations and the foundations of quantum mechanics. In this volume, the term “history of interpretations” is used for the sake of brevity. The successive parts of the Handbook deal with the scientific and philosophical issues under debate, historical landmarks, places and contexts, historical and philosophical theses, and the proliferation of interpretations.
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