There was both a microbiological and a clinical change in childhood Shigella gastroenteritis cases over the 22 years. The antibiotic resistance pattern appears to have remained stable over the last two periods. There is a need to re-examine the criteria and clinical management guidelines for suspected shigellosis cases.

Childhood obesity is a health hazard increasing worldwide. Preschool period which is under supervision of parents is a critical period to detect overweight and take precautions. We studied the factors affecting parental estimation of their preschool child's weight. Three hundred sixty seven mothers completed questionnaires consisting of child's and parents' anthropometric measurements, parents' assessment of their child's and their own weight status, and general information about their lifestyle. Mothers also chose their wish for current and future body image of their child from child drawings representing percentiles. Child body mass index-for-age z score (BAZ) was related to birth weight and child's appetite. BAZ was not related to child's gender, presence of chronic disease, family pattern, parental age, education or income. 43.1 % of mothers correctly assessed child's BAZ verbally. Maternal verbal estimation was correlated with maternal visual estimation, paternal verbal estimation and child's BAZ. Mothers' wish for future figure of the child was not related to child's BAZ, but showed correlation with mothers' wish for current figure of the child. Mother's correct perception of her child's weight was found to be high, consistent with her spouse and related to child's BAZ.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of celiac disease (CD) on cardiac function in children by using conventional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE). Forty-nine patients diagnosed with CD were enrolled into the study. Group 1 consisted of 26 (53%) patients who had recently been diagnosed and had not been on glutenfree diet whereas Group 2 consisted of 23 (47%) patients who had been on regular gluten-free diet for at least 10 months. 20 healthy children were enrolled into the study as the control group. The deceleration time (DT) and the left ventricle (LV) isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) were significantly shorter in Group 1 compared to Group 2 and the control group (p=0.002, p=0.015). Mitral valve E/E' ratio was significantly lower in Group 1 and 2 when compared to the control group (p<0.001). The study demonstrated that evaluation of these parameters by using TDE could be beneficial in the early diagnosis of cardiac involvement in children with CD.

Abusive head trauma is a serious form of child abuse and mostly seen in infants below the age of two years as a result of a strong shaking by the caregiver who aims to stop the infant's crying. Characteristic symptoms include subdural hematomas, encephalopathy, retinal hemorrhages and fractures of the long bones. When physically examined, there are generally no externally visible signs. For this reason, it can be underdiagnosed, if it is not considered in the differential diagnosis. When the information provided from the parents is inconsistent and contradictory with the clinical picture of the patient, this form of abuse must be suspected and retinal hemorrhages should be searched. In this article, two patients who were admitted to our emergency department and diagnosed with physical child abuse are reported. One of these patients had a history of minor head trauma after falling down from the sofa and the other one had a history of breathlessness and loss of consciousness as a result of excessive crying. (Turk Pediatri Ars 2015; 50: 180-4)

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Objective: Overweight and obesity comprise one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of overweight and obesity in an age group of 3-6 years in central towns of İzmir Metropolitan City and to examine the risk factors of obesity. Methods: A total of 413 children were reached in this cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was completed with families concerning sociodemographic status, perinatal and growth factors, dietary habits, screen time, attendance to a daycare center or school and familial overweight and obesity. Weight and length of the children were measured, BMI values were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square test and logistic regression model. Results: In our study group, whose mean age was 56.7±9.3 months, prevalence of overweight and obesity were 10.4% and 13.1 %, respectively. Gender was not significantly related with overweight and obesity (p=0.850). Birth weight (p=0.045), weight at one year of age (p<0.001), regular meal consumption (p=0.019), attendance to a daycare center or school (p=0.016), paternal BMI values (p<0.001) and absence of health insurance (p=0.031) were significantly related with childhood overweight and obesity. When we evaluated using logistic regression model, weight at one year of age (p=0.001), attendance to a daycare center or school (p=0.006), absence of siblings (p=0,017) and absence of health insurance (p=0.048) were documented as risk factors for obesity too. Conclusion: Present study suggests that educational programs about regular sporting activity and complementary nutrition like breast feeding programs; are necessary for both parents and children.

ÖZETAmaç: Yineleyen nöbetleri olan çocuklarda ebeveynlere hastane dışında nöbete yaklaşım ile ilgili yeterli bilgi verilmelidir. Bu çalışmada, epilepsi ve yineleyen febril konvulsiyonlu olguların aileleri ile görüşülerek hastane dışında nöbet geçirmesi durumunda nöbet geçiren çocuğa karşı yaklaşımları ve ailelerin nöbet yönetimi konusunda gereksinimlerini saptamak amaçlandı. Yöntemler: Bu çalışma, Eylül 2014 ve Şubat 2015 tarihleri arasında Çocuk Nöroloji Polikliniğine başvuran, yineleyen nöbet öyküsü olan 280 çocuğun aileleri ile anket formu üzerinden görüşüle-rek yapıldı. Bulgular: Çalışmaya 223 (%79,6)'ü epilepsi, 57 (%20,4)'si yineleyen febril konvulsiyon tanısı olan 280 olgu alındı. Ebeveynlerin 194 (%69,3)'ü nöbet sırasında müdahale ile ilgili yazılı olmayan bilgi aldığını belirtti. Nöbet sırasında evde en sık yapılan ilk uygulama olguların %26,8 (n=75) ile pozisyon verme şeklindeydi. Nöbetin uzaması durumunda rektal diazepam uygulaması olguların 120 (%42,8)'sinde yapılırken 160 olguda çeşitli nedenlerle uygulanmadığı belirtildi. Rektal ilaç uygulama oranı gelir düzeyinin artması ve hastalık takip süresinin uzun olması ile ilişkili bulundu (p değeri sırasıyla 0,029 ve 0,037). Nöbet sırasında yapılması önerilen doğru uygulamaların gelir ve öğrenim düzeyi ile anlamlı oranda artış gösterdiği saptandı. Sonuç: Yineleyen nöbeti olan çocukların ebeveynlerinin nöbet kontrolü konusunda yetersiz, yanlış bilgi ve ilk yardım pratiğine sahip oldukları saptanmıştır. Bu nedenle ebeveynlerin nöbet yönetimi ile ilgili düzenli bir eğitime tabi tutulma gerekliliği görülmüştür.Anahtar kelimeler: Epilepsi, febril nöbet, çocuk, ebeveyn bilgisi ABSTRACT Objective: Sufficient information should be given to parents who have children with recurrent seizures about the approach to seizures outside the hospital. This study was aimed to identify the approach of the parents towards children with recurrent febrile seizures and epilepsy, and their requirements about management of seizures outside the hospital. Methods: This study has been conducted between September 2014 and February 2015 using an interview questionnaire with the parents of the children who were admitted to the pediatric neurology outpatient clinic with a history of seizure. Results: The study included 223 (79.6%) cases with epilepsy, and 57 (20.4%) patients (total n=280) who received diagnosis of recurrent febrile seizures. A total of 194 (69.3%) parents said that they received oral information regarding the management of seizures. The most often application during seizures in 26.8% (n=75) of the cases was positioning the patient. Rectal administration of diazepam was the most common intervention for prolonged seizure in 120 (42.8%) cases, however in 160 cases it was not applied for various reasons. Frequency of rectal administration of the drugs was found to be associated with income level and the longer follow-up period (p-values of 0.029 and 0.037, respectively). It was detected that with the higher education and income levels, frequency of recommended correct applica...