This article presents a nonlinear analysis in Turkey on the effect of an environmental tax (ET) on the ecological footprint (EFP) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. In the literature, most of the studies examining the effects of environmental taxes (ETs) on environmental degradation (ED) have used linear methods. The number of studies examining this relationship with nonlinear methods is few. However, there is no study examining the long-run effects of ETs on the EFP, which is one of the most important indicators of ED, using nonlinear analysis. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the long-run effects of ETs on EFP and CO 2 emissions in Turkey by nonlinear analysis. Therefore, the model consisting of annual data for the period 1994–2019 was estimated by Dufrénot et al. (2006) nonlinear cointegration test. According to the estimation results obtained, ETs do not have any long-run effects on EFP and CO 2 emissions. Accordingly, it can be concluded that ETs in Turkey do not affect preventing ED.
The number of studies examining the relationship between women's employment and divorce is limited in the literature. In the majority of studies on this subject and all of the studies on Turkey, female employment variable was not analyzed in detail according to marital status. In this study, unlike other studies, it is aimed to contribute to the literature by including the variable of female employment according to marital status. For this reason, relations between both married and divorced women employees and divorce in Turkey were analyzed with cointegration tests for the period 1988-2013. According to the obtained empirical results, there is no long-run relationship from the number of married women to the number of divorces (ND). On the other hand, there is a positive relationship from the number of divorces to the number of divorced employed women.
Public sector performance is regarded as the impact of government activities on certain key economic and social indicators, that is, the outcome of public sector activities. In this respect, the share of public expenditures, which is considered as one of the most important indicators of the size of the public sector, in the gross domestic product is also considered as a powerful tool in terms of revealing the public sector performance. There are many studies in the literature examining the effect of public expenditures on socioeconomic variables. In this study, different from other studies in the literature, the effects of socio-economic variables on public expenditures were investigated. Thus, it is aimed to determine the effects of socioeconomic variables on public performance through public expenditures. For this purpose, the effects of the net public debt stock, the human development index, and the unemployment rate on public expenditure were analyzed by cointegration tests for the 1990-2018 period in Turkey. Empirical results obtained reveal that there is a long run relationship between variables. Accordingly, increases in net public debt stock and human development index increase public expenditures, while increases in the unemployment rate create a decrease in public expenditures.
Increases of trade openness in an economy raise the external risks in globalization. The societies demand on increases of the government expenditure in order to compensate for their risks. Hence the more trade openness may cause the more government size. This relation is named as compensation hypothesis in the literature has been comprehensively discussed by Rodrik (1998) but started by Cameron (1978). This paper attempts to analyze the cointegration and causality relationships between trade openness and government size in Turkey, utilizing annual data for the period 1980–2013. The existence of the long run relationship between trade openness and government size is investigated by applying Engle and Granger (1987) cointegration test. The empirical findings of cointegration test stated that the series are cointegrated. On the other hand the results of error correction model indicate that there is a unidirectional causality from trade openness to government size. The significance of this results state that the compensation hypothesis is valid for Turkey.
Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye ekonomisinde bireysel kredi türlerinin tüketici fiyat endeksi (TÜFE) üzerindeki uzun ve kısa dönem etkilerini incelemektir. Bu kapsamda 2005:Q4-2020:Q4 dönemine ait üç aylık verilerle Johansen Eşbütünleşme Testi ve VAR modeli tahmini gerçekleştirilmiştir. Johansen yaklaşımından elde edilen sonuçlara göre değişkenler arasında herhangi bir uzun dönem ilişkisi bulunmamaktadır. VAR sistemi tahmininden elde edilen varyans ayrıştırması ve etki-tepki grafikleri sonuçlarına göre de bireysel kredi türlerinden tüketici fiyatlarına doğru herhangi bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Son olarak, değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkilerinin tespiti için gerçekleştirilen Granger Nedensellik Testi sonuçlarına göre bireysel kredi türleri ile tüketici fiyat endeksi arasında herhangi bir nedensellik ilişkisi mevcut değildir. Buna karşın modele açıklayıcı değişken olarak eklenen para arzı ile tüketici fiyat endeksi arasında karşılıklı nedensellik bulunurken, reel efektif döviz kurundan tüketici fiyat endeksine doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik söz konusudur.
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