The effect of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using sugar cane molasses was studied during batch fermentation. The cellular suspension from the fermentor was externally recycled through a stainless steel tube inserted in two magnetic field generators, and consequently, the ethanol production was intensified. Two magnetic field generators were coupled to the bioreactor, which were operated conveniently in simple or combined ways. Therefore, the recycle velocity and intensity of the magnetic field varied in a range of 0.6-1.4 m s(-1) and 5-20 mT, respectively. However, under the best conditions with the magnetic field treatment (0.9-1.2 m s(-1) and 20 mT plus solenoid), the overall volumetric ethanol productivity was approximately 17% higher than in the control experiment. These results made it possible to verify the effectiveness of the dynamic magnetic treatment since the fermentations with magnetic treatment reached their final stage in less time, i.e., approximately 2 h earlier, when compared with the control experiment.
The influence of extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields on Escherichia coli cultures in submerse fermentation was studied. The fermentation processes were carried out recycling the culture medium externally through a stainless steel tube inserted in a magnetic field generator (solenoid). The exposure time and electromagnetic induction were varied in a range of 1 to 12 h and 0.010 to 0.10 T, respectively, according to a Box-Wilson Central Composite Designs of face centered with five central points. Growth of E. coli could be altered (stimulated or inhibited) under magnetic fieldinduced effects. E. coli cultures exposed at 0.1 T during 6.5 h exhibited changes in its viability compared to unexposed cells, which was 100 times higher than the control. The magnetic field generator associated with the cellular suspension recycle is a new way of magnetic treatment in fermentation processes and could be appropriate to industrial scale up.
Extruded catalysts show efficient conversion of sunflower oil into biodiesel. The reaction achieved practically total conversion using 35%K 2 CO 3 /65%-Al 2 O 3 at 2h. After transesterification high-quality biodiesel was attained according ASTM/EN specifications. Highlights (for review)
Liposomal encapsulation of tuberculostatic drugs can potentially increase their therapeutic index. The incorporation of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin, ethionamide, and streptomycin in extruded distearoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol liposomes designed for administration through inhalation was evaluated. Ethionamide and rifampicin were incorporated during lipid film formation, whereas solutions of the remaining drugs were used to hydrate preformed lipid bilayers. Final drug to lipid ratios around 0.3 were achieved for isoniazid and pyrazinamide, and mean vesicle diameters varied from 286 to 329 nm. No expressive drug leakage or mean vesicle diameter changes occurred during 3 weeks. No significant incorporation was achieved for streptomycin, ethionamide, and rifampicin.
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