En el contexto del cambio climático global, Nicaragua está siendo fuertemente afectada, manifestándose en la marcada variación temporal de los parámetros climáticos e hidrométricos. Como consecuencia de estas variaciones, en una franja paralela al Océano Pacífico que se extiende desde el extremo NO del Gran Lago de Nicaragua (Cocibolca) hasta los Departamentos de Madriz y Nueva Segovia (frontera con Honduras); las precipitaciones han disminuido notablemente en la última década, provocando intensas sequías y cambios en el régimen de vida de la población a lo largo de esta franja (que incluye a la sub-cuenca) a causa de la escasez del recurso hídrico, pues los niveles subterráneos y superficiales han disminuido notablemente. Esto ha incrementado la necesidad de explorar las fuentes de agua en la sub-cuenca desde la óptica de sistemas de flujo, aplicando técnicas hidrogeológicas, geofísicas e hidrogeoquímicas para crear un modelo conceptual del funcionamiento de dichos sistemas. Con este propósito, se desarrollaron 11 perfiles de Sondeos Eléctricos Verticales Continuos (SEVC) y 9 Sondeos Eléctricos Verticales (SEV), acompañados por una evaluación geológica. que en conjunto ha permitido identificar y caracterizar en profundidad y espacialmente las formaciones acuíferas presentes en tres sub-áreas de la subcuenca. De los resultados geofísicos se desprende que los mayores espesores acuíferos se determinaron en las unidades cuaternarias Río Malacatoya y Las Banderas (acuíferos no confinados). En dichas unidades el flujo es a través del medio poroso. En Teustepe, en las unidades terciarias Río Grande de Matagalpa, Cerro Oluma, La Libertad y Santa Lucía, el flujo prácticamente es a través del medio fracturado (acuíferos semi-confinados).
In this paper we used several data mining techniques to analyze the coevolution of hydrogeological and socioeconomical data for the Toluca Valley in Mexico. We found non trivial relations between two historic data bases that make clear that groundwater and economy may be much more linked than it was thought before. In particular, we found that hydrogeological data trends change during economical crisis and election years in Mexico. This shows that different macroeconomical policies implemented by several administrations have a direct impact in the way groundwater is used. We also found that hydrogoelogical data evolve in the direction of population transformation from rural to urban, which could represent a whole paradigm shift in groundwater management with profound repercussions in policy making.
<p>The aim of this research is to establish the groundwater baseline in a sub-basin located in the southwest of Mexico City, an area affected by anthropogenic activities.</p><p>The methodology consists of groundwater sampling in 40 sites to measure major ions and physicochemical parameters as temperature, pH, Eh, and total dissolved solids. The end-member mixing analysis was applied using the groundwater flow system approach. The groundwater baseline was established using flow components that were defined.</p><p>The main results are: to found four groundwater flow components: 1) local, 2) intermediate, 3) cold regional, and 4) hot regional; to established a groundwater baselines; to relate the anomalous concentrations of nitrate and sulfate due to anthropogenic activities in the area; to associate the fertilizer use, wastewater, and the canal leaching black waters as the principal sources of these concentrations.</p><p>The conclusions show the importance to use the groundwater flow system approach to differentiate natural processes as hydrochemical evolution due to water-rock interaction of the anthropogenic influence. In the context where groundwater is extracted without knowing its baseline and the anthropological implications, the groundwater flow system approach to permit generated best management and administration strategies.</p>
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