The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.
GW190521 was the most massive black hole merger discovered by LIGO/Virgo so far, with masses in tension with stellar evolution models. A possible explanation of such heavy black holes is that they themselves are the remnants of previous mergers of lighter black holes. Here we estimate the masses of the ancestral black holes of GW190521, assuming it is the end product of previous mergers. We find that the heaviest parental black holes has a mass of 56 − 18 + 20 M ⊙ (90% credible level). We find 70% probability that it is in the 50 M ⊙–120 M ⊙ mass gap, indicating that it may also be the end product of a previous merger. We therefore also compute the expected mass distributions of the “grandparent” black holes of GW190521, assuming they existed. Ancestral black hole masses could represent an additional puzzle piece in identifying the origin of LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA’s heaviest black holes.
Resumen: En la segunda mitad del siglo xviii, el pueblo de San Bartolo y sus haciendas anexas reunieron la población más grande en todo el obispado de Chiapas. De manera sorprendente, en la segunda parte del siglo xix la cantidad de habitantes de esta localidad no volvió a aumentar. Adicionalmente, a inicios del siglo xix hubo un fuerte proceso de expansión de la propiedad rural que triplicó la decena de haciendas que existía en la región de San Bartolomé y el Valle de Cuxtepeques. Esta propuesta busca entender el estancamiento, ruralización y desindianización de los habitantes de San Bartolomé, atendiendo principalmente a los procesos de migración de indígenas y ladinos entre los campos y el pueblo. Palabras clave: desplazamiento de lenguas, ladinización, migración, ruralización, San Bartolomé.Abstract: Throughout the second half of the eighteenth century, the village of San Bartolo and its adjoining estates together formed the largest population of the bishopric of Chiapas. Surprisingly, throughout the second half of the nineteenth century the number of inhabitants in this town did not increase. In the early nineteenth century, there was a strong expansion of rural property that tripled the ten farms that existed in the region of San Bartolomé and Cuxtepeques Valley. This proposal seeks to understand the stagnation, ruralization and indianization of the inhabitants of San Bartolomé, mainly for the indigenous and Ladino migration processes between the fields and the village. Keywords: moving languages, ladinoization, migration, ruralisation, San Bartolomé. Résumé : Dans la seconde moitié du xviii e siècle, le village de San Bartolo et ses propriétés adjacentes, assemble la plus grande population dans tout l' évêché de Chiapas. Étonnamment, durant la seconde moitié du xix e siècle, le nombre d'habitants de cette ville n'a pas augmenté nouveau. En outre, dans le début du xix e siècle il y avait un fort processus d'expansion de la propriété rurale qui a triplé la dizaine de fermes qui existaient dans la région de San Bartolomé et le Vallée de Cuxtepeques. Cette proposition vise à comprendre la stagnation, la ruralisation et indianisation des habitants de San Bartolomé, principalement à cause des processus de migration des autochtones et des ladinos entre la campagne et la ville.
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