Skin barrier functions such as transepidermal water loss (TWEL), water content of the skin stratum corneum (WCSC), and thickness of the skin stratum corneum (TSSC) are recognized as being affected by skin diseases including atopic dermatitis (AD). 1 The challenge of measuring TEWL is that its variables are typically affected by the environment. Although in vivo confocal Raman microspectrometry by vibrational spectroscopy and in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy techniques have been validated for measuring WCSC and TSSC, respectively, these devices are not portable and require time and special skills to examine skin barrier functions. Electrical impedance (EI) involves measurement of tissue resistance by transmitting harmless electrical signals through the skin at several depths and frequencies. The skin EI reflects its pathophysiological state. Accordingly, a non-invasive, small, and portable EI-measuring device, designated a Skin Barrier Meter (SBM), was recently developed (Supplemental Material 1). A SBM requires no special skills for measurements and can yield real-time results in only 5 seconds. Moreover, SBMs can minimize the effects of sweating and
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