Artificial oxygen carriers (AOC) are under development as a substitute for red blood cells (RBC) in homologous transfusion (Tx). The lack of surface antigen in AOC makes ABO-typing and antibody-screening (T/S) unnecessary. Pathogen elimination renders it much safer, and long-term stability allows ubiquitous storage for emergency use. To delineate the utility of AOC, we retrospectively examined current Tx practices in Tokai University and the Japanese Red Cross Society. The emergency department of Tokai University Hospital has been using O(+)Rh(+) RBC in patients with hemorrhagic shock before Tx becomes available. Those who received the RBCs within 60 min of injury had a significantly higher survival rate than those who received it later (> or =60 min). The Red Cross Blood Center provided 411 units of RBC for 138 urgent requests for rare blood types. Our analysis suggests that if an AOC were available for the initial six units, 96% of such requests could have been covered to avoid urgent donor allocation, preparation, and Tx. Among 2079 surgical cases who ordered T/S, only 29% actually required Tx, rendering >70% of the T/S unnecessary. Because only 7.4% required nine units or more, more than 92% of T/S and Tx could have been avoided in retrospect if an AOC were available for the initial eight units. The results suggest that an AOC might be useful in various situations to alleviate problems, concerns, and technical burden in the current Tx practices. Because the expected utility is based mainly on physical characteristics, AOC may remain advantageous even when biogenetically derived RBC becomes available.
Imroduetion(0.0) In the theory of p-adic representation of the Galois group of a p-adic field, there has been great interest in showing the existence of Hodge-Tate structures for certain "nice" p-adic representations, e.g. those of geometric origin. The notion of Hodge-Tate structure was introduced by Tare [I1] and recently Faltings [-4] proved the so-called Hodge-Tate conjecture, the existence of Hodge-Tate structure in the p-adic etale cohomology of a variety over a p-adic field.The Hodge-Tate conjecture treats the cohomology group of the constant sheaf. For further progress, we think that it is important to consider the cohomology groups of certain "nice" local systems. For example, Faltings [3] studied local systems corresponding to p-divisible groups and deduced the existence of HodgeTate structure for p-adic representations corresponding to modular forms.The aim of this paper is to give the formalism of the "variation" of Hodge-Tate structure: We introduce the notion of "Hodge-Tate" for p-adic local systems on smooth varieties defined over a p-adic field. We also give a partial result concerning the stability; the cohomology groups of Hodge-Tate local systems inherit a Hodge-Tate structure.
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