Rectal prolapse procidentia is an intussusception of the whole rectal wall through the anal canal, resulting in a portion of the rectum staying periodically or occasionally permanently distal to the anus. Full-thickness prolapse and partial-thickness prolapse are the two kinds of rectal prolapse. Rectal prolapse procidentia is an intussusception of the whole rectal wall through the anal canal, resulting in a portion of the rectum staying periodically or occasionally permanently distal to the anus. It is more frequent in older females. Rectal prolapse was first recorded on papyrus circa 1500 BC. Hippocrates described rectal prolapse therapy as hanging patient’s upside down from a tree, putting sodium hydroxide to the mucosa, and fixing for three days. Today, is mostly treated surgically. Perineal surgical repairs are typically well tolerated; however, they are linked with a greater incidence of recurrence. Abdominal repairs, however, have the lowest recurrence rates. The goal of therapy is to remove the prolapse, cure any related incontinence or constipation issues, and avoid de novo bowel dysfunction. When compared to laparotomy, laparoscopic rectopexy offers fewer side effects, a shorter hospital stays, faster healing, and quicker return to work. This review aims to assess recent updates on different surgical approaches for management of rectal prolapse.
A number of advancements in the therapy of perforated duodenal ulcers have been made in the recent two decades, suggesting that the disease's morbidity and mortality may be reduced. Recently, there has been a return to a more conservative first approach, with reports of either delayed resection or two-stage surgery, in which a non-radical resection is performed first, followed by lymphadenectomy at a later date. Furthermore, because gastric lymphoma can be cured without resection, many upper GI surgeons recommend performing a biopsy and repair at the index operation and then considering how best to continue if adenocarcinoma is discovered later.
Obesity is a global epidemic that threatens to deplete health-care resources by increasing the prevalence of diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and cancer. Obesity is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, affecting both adults and children. Obesity has two effects: an increase in the bulk of adipose tissue and an increase in pathogenetic product release by larger fat cells. This view of obesity as a disease allows for a straightforward distinction between the negative effects of obesity caused by fat bulk and those caused by fat cell metabolic effects. Obesity stigma causes social difficulties, sleep apnea is caused in part by increased parapharyngeal fat deposits, and osteoarthritis is caused by the wear and tear on joints caused by carrying an enlarged quantity of fat fall under the first category. A wide range of policy issues could have an impact on food ecosystems. Fiscal food policies, obligatory nutrition panels on the formulation and reformulation of manufactured foods, food and nutrition labelling implementation, and limiting marketing and advertising prohibitions on unhealthy foods are among these topics. In this review, we overview current evidences on health consequences of obesity.
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