This study was carried out to synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using Silybummarianum fruit extract which is very simple and eco-friendly method. The separation of this nanoparticle was performed by centrifugation while the identification was by UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) methods. Reduction of the Ag+ to Ag0 during exposure to the S. marianum fruit extract was followed by color change of the solution from colorless, yellow to dark brown within 24 hours. It is observed that surface Plasmon resonance peaks of the maximum absorbance of silver-nanoparticles occurs at 425 nm, indicating that AgNPs were produced. Involvement of the flavonoids group (flavolignans) in the synthesized AgNPs was manifested from the result of the FTIR. Particle size was recorded according to the data exhibited from the XRD results at 2θ around 25 nm which was calculated by using the Dubai-Scherrer equation. The silver nanoparticles synthesized by the help of silymarin fruit extract were scanned using SEM. From the SEM image reveals that the silver nanoparticle seems to be spherical in shape. From the results of the current study concluded that silymarin fruit extract could be considered as a good source for synthesis of stable AgNPs in short time, and the process of synthesis was simple, low cost and eco-friendly.

| In this study, we investigated the antiviral activity of Olea europaea (OLE) extracts against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a highly infectious and economically important poultry virus. For this purpose, viral gene expressions of two structural proteins, matrix (M) and fusion (F) of NDV, were monitoring in chicken fibroblast cells and the impact on virus replication was analyzed using qRT-PCR. Additionally, the virus-restriction activities of IFN-β were analyzed by assessing the expression of viral and host genes. In vitro analysis of the NDV replication revealed that treatment of chicken cells with OLE significantly restricted the NDV replication as was measured by haemagglutination (HA) and titration (TCID50) assays in a pre-optimized OLE-mediated cytotoxicity levels (1000ug/ml). Correspondingly, pretreatment of chicken cells with exogenous IFN-β markedly down-regulated viral gene expression, and this regulation was higher than OLE-mediated virus replication. Furthermore, the impact of OLE on NDV was independent of the IFN-β and was confirmed using ELISA. Taken together, findings of this study propose the utilization of OLE as immunoprophylaxis and exploitation of this function to control the ND in poultry and pet birds.

The biosynthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) was done under alkaline conditions (pH 12) and temperature ≥ 80 ◦C. Mixing 10% of aqueous pomegranate peel extract (PPE) with 0.1 molar of zinc nitrate [Zn (NO3)2.6H2O], mixture was stirred at 70-80 ◦C for 15 minute and then left at room temperature overnight. The result was separated and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes. This process was repeated three times then the precipitate was collected and dried for using. ZnONPs were characterized by visual observation of color changes, estimate duration of synthesis compared to weight of  ZnONPs was the result, UV-visible analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR),  X- ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of this line, investigate the proper condition for ZnONPs synthesis. Result of FT-IR showed functional group related to Zn-O at (613.38 to 580.59 cm_1), whereas the result of X-RD at 2 theta diagnose the type of oxide formation as ZnO and determined particle size were found in range (20 - 30 nm). Finally, SEM image was shown crystals shape of ZnO nanoparticles. In conclusion, PPE acts as reducing agent used in synthesis of ZnO in Nano-scale size via easy and simple method.

| The objective of this study was to determine the in-vitro and in-vivo activity of cranberry extracts against Escherichia coli O157:H7. This strain of E. coli was the most common etiologic agent of urinary tract infections isolated from patients. Filter sterilized aqueous and methanol extract of cranberry was prepared and used in the present study. The aqueous extract of cranberry produced inhibition zone ranging from (10.8 -23.8) mm against the tested bacteria. While the methanol extract produces larger zones of inhibition (12.1 -24.2) mm against the bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the methanol and aqueous extract was 0.35 and 0.625 mg/ml, respectively. In vivo study involved inducing UTI in rats and then treated with (200 mg/kg B.W) aqueous and methanol extract and compared with Gentamicin treatment at a dose of (2 mg/kg B.W) subcutaneously for 14 days. Methanol extract succeeded in treated UTI caused by Escherichia coli in the infected rats and prevented infection comparing with aqueous extract and Gentamicin. Food, water intake, body weight, pH and creatinine level returned to normal values after treatment with methanol extract of Cranberry fruit (200mg/Kg. B.W) comparing with aqueous extract of Cranberry fruit and 2mg/Kg. B.W. of Gentamicin. These parameters used in this current study as indicator for curing from infection. These findings indicated that cranberry extract was effective at all levels in inhibiting E. coli O157:H7; thus it possesses antimicrobial activity and hold great promise as an antimicrobial agent. Keywords

| The present study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Ocimum basilicum against infectious diarrhea caused by E. coli. Two experiments were performed in this present study; the first one is in vitro antibacterial activity of Ocimum basilicum ethanolic extract. The second experiment included study in vivo antibacterial activity of the extract after inducing diarrhea with oral pathogenic E. coli in five rats groups (eight rats of each). The results of the in vitro antibacterial study showed that E. coli was more sensitive to ethanolic extract of O.B in comparison with Gentamicin and Amikacin and it was resistant to the metronidazole, but E. coli was more sensitive to Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole. Two doses of O.B extract 100, 200 mg/kg. BW were used to treat this infection for fourteen days orally. The results of the in vivo study indicated that doses of 200 mg/kg BW O.B extract and 6.85 mg/kg. BW of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole were succeeded in returning the rectal E. coli count of infected rats to normal values before inducing infection in both kinds of therapy at the first week. Food intake, water intake and body weight significantly (P < 0.05) increased in comparison with others doses or groups. From the results obtained, it could be concluded that ethanolic extract of O.B leaves at dose 200 mg/kg. BW was more effective and safe in comparison with antibacterial agent and other O.B dose, this anti-diarrheal activity of O.B ethanolic extract may be due to its constituents of secondary metabolites that are responsible for the antibacterial activity with different mechanisms of action.