The results of a paleomagnetic study along the fore arc of southern Peru (15–18°S) and northern Chile (18–19°S) are reported from middle to late Miocene ignimbrites (7 sites), late Oligocene to early Miocene ignimbrites (72 sites), Paleogene sediments (20 sites), and Mesozoic and Paleocene volcanics and intrusions (31 sites). Comparison of locality‐mean directions with expected paleomagnetic directions indicates vertical axis rotations ranging from 5.2 ± 11.3° clockwise to 55.6 ± 7.0° counterclockwise. Spatially, the magnitude of counterclockwise rotations increases northward from ∼0° within the Chilean fore arc south of 18°30′S to >45° north of 16°30′S. In southern Peru, paleomagnetic rotations recorded in Paleogene red beds decrease from late Eocene to late Oligocene, whereas Miocene ignimbrites display no evidence of rotation. These new results confirm that the rotations recorded in the fore arc of southern Peru were acquired at least before ∼15 Ma, and probably before 25 Ma, and thus prior to the late Neogene shortening of the sub‐Andes. The onset of major Andean shortening in the Eastern Cordillera during the latest Eocene–earliest Oligocene is interpreted to have triggered the bending of the Peruvian fore arc. The region of the Peruvian fore arc with the largest rotations appears to be the fore‐arc counterpart of the Abancay deflection, a remarkable NE‐SW offset in the axis of the Eastern Cordillera induced by a major regional preorogenic structure. We underline that the Abancay deflection should be seen as the northwestern boundary, and therefore as a key element, of the Bolivian Orocline.

One of the seven potentially active andesite stratovolcanoes in southern Peru, Misti (5822 m), located I 7 km northeast and 3.5 km above Arequipa, represents a major threat to the population (-900,000 inhabitants). Our recent geophysical and geochemical research comprises an extensive self-potential (SP) data set, an audio-magnetotelluric (AM1) profile across the volcano and CO 2 concentrations in the soil along a radial profile. The SP survey is the first of its kind in providing a complete mapping of a large andesitic stratovolcano 20 km in diameter. The SP mapping enables us to analyze the SP signature associated with a subduction-related active volcano. The general SP pattern of Misti is similar to that of most volcanoes with a hydrogeologic zone in the lower flanks and a hydrothermal zone in the upper central area. A quasi-systematic relationship exists between SP and elevation. Zones with constant SP/altitude gradients (Ce) are observed in both hydrogeologic (negative Ce) and hydrothermal (positive Ce) zones. Transition zones between the different Ce zones, which form a , concentric pattern around the summit, have been interpreted in terms of lateral heterogeneities in the lithology. The highest amplitudes of SP anomalies seem to coincide with highly resistive zones. The hydrothermal system 6 km in diameter, which extends over an area much larger than the summit caldera, may be constrained by an older, concealed collapse caldera. A sealed zone has apparently developed through alteration in the hydrothermal system, blocking the migration of CO 2 upward. Significant CO 2 emanations are thus observed on the lower flanks but are absent above the hydrothermal zone.

Environmental monitoring is a topic of increasing interest, especially concerning the matter of natural hazards prediction. Regarding volcanic unrest, effective methodologies along with innovative and operational tools are needed to monitor, mitigate and prevent risks related to volcanic hazards. In general, the current approaches for volcanoes monitoring are mainly based on the manual analysis of various parameters, including gas leaps, deformations measurements and seismic signals analysis. However, due to the large amount of data acquired by in situ sensors for long term monitoring, manual inspection is no longer a viable option. As in many Big Data situations, classic Machine Learning approaches are now considered to automatize the analysis of years of recorded signals, thereby enabling monitoring at a larger scale. This paper focuses on integrated and operational tools dedicated to the automatic analysis of volcano-seismic signals. Namely we review (i) tools for the optimal representation of volcano-seismic signals (feature space) and the available methods for volcano-seismic events (ii) detection and (iii) classification. We then propose an architecture for the automatic classification of volcano-seismic events. Our prediction system is tested on 6 years of recordings containing 109434 volcano-seismic events acquired from Ubinas volcano (the most active volcano in Perú). Our new proposed model is build using supervised machine learning algorithms (Support Vector Machine) and reaches 92.2% of correct classification over six classes. This prediction model is then used to fully analyze the 6 years of recorded signals.

We use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and local seismic data to investigate the cause of earthquake sequences near Sabancaya volcano in southern Peru from 2002 to 2014, with a particular focus on events leading up to the August 2014 phreatic eruption. InSAR‐observed deformation associated with earthquake swarms in late 2002, February 2013, and July 2013 is modeled by fault slip, with no need for magmatic sources to explain the deformation. The majority of the seismicity is an expression of the regional tectonic system, which is characterized by E‐W trending normal faults, but a link to the magmatic system is possible. The Mw 5.9 earthquake on 17 July 2013 occurred on a previously unmapped normal fault that continued to deform in the months following the earthquake. An increase in long period and hybrid seismicity and changes in fumarolic emissions in 2013–2014 culminating in the August 2014 eruption indicates the involvement of both tectonic and magmatic systems.

Within Latin America, about 319 volcanoes have been active in the Holocene, but 202 of these volcanoes have no seismic, deformation or gas monitoring. Following the 2012 Santorini Report on satellite Earth Observation and Geohazards, the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) developed a 4-year pilot project (2013-2017) to demonstrate how satellite observations can be used to monitor large numbers of volcanoes cost-effectively, particularly in areas with scarce instrumentation and/or difficult access. The pilot aims to improve disaster risk management (DRM) by working directly with the volcano observatories that are governmentally responsible for volcano monitoring as well as with the international space agencies (ESA, CSA, ASI, DLR, JAXA, NASA, CNES). The goal is to make sure that the most useful data are collected at each volcano following the guidelines of the Santorini report that observation frequency is related to volcano activity, and to communicate the results to the local institutions in a timely fashion. Here we highlight how coordinated multi-satellite observations have been used by volcano observatories to monitor volcanoes and respond to crises. Our primary tool is measurements of ground deformation made by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), which have been used in conjunction with other observations to determine the alert level at these volcanoes, served as an independent check on ground sensors, guided the deployment of ground instruments, and aided situational awareness. During this time period, we find 26 volcanoes deforming, including 18 of the 28 volcanoes that erupted-those eruptions without deformation were less than 2 on the VEI scale. Another 7 volcanoes were restless and the volcano observatories requested satellite observations, but no deformation was detected. We describe the lessons learned about the data products and information that are most needed by the volcano observatories in the different countries using information collected by questionnaires. We propose a practical strategy for regional to global satellite volcano monitoring for use by volcano observatories in Latin America and elsewhere to realize the vision of the Santorini report.

Thermal Remote Sensing for Volcano Monitoring volcanological community. The results presented clearly demonstrate how the open access of satellite thermal data and the sharing of derived products allow a better understanding of ongoing volcanic phenomena, and therefore constitute an essential requirement for the assessment of volcanic hazards.

The prediction of volcanic eruptions and the evaluation of associated risks remain a timely and unresolved issue. This paper presents a method to automatically classify seismic events linked to volcanic activity. As increased seismic activity is an indicator of volcanic unrest, automatic classification of volcano seismic events is of major interest for volcano monitoring. The proposed architecture is based on supervised classification, whereby a prediction model is built from an extensive data set of labeled observations. Relevant events should then be detected. Three steps are involved in the building of the prediction model: (i) signals preprocessing, (ii) representation of the signals in the feature space, and (iii) use of an automatic classifier to train the model. Our main contribution lies in the feature space where the seismic observations are represented by 102 features gathered from both acoustic and seismic fields. Ideally, observations are separable in the feature space, depending on their class. The architecture is tested on 109,609 seismic events that were recorded between June 2006 and September 2011 at Ubinas Volcano, Peru. Six main classes of signals are considered: long‐period events, volcanic tremors, volcano tectonic events, explosions, hybrid events, and tornillos. Our model reaches 93.5% ± 0.50% accuracy, thereby validating the presented architecture and the features used. Furthermore, we illustrate the limited influence of the learning algorithm used (i.e., random forest and support vector machines) by showing that the results remain accurate regardless of the algorithm selected for the training stage. The model is then used to analyze 6 years of data.

Neste artigo, discutem-se as ações dos profissionais de Psicologia nos Centros de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS). Trabalhou-se com sete profissionais de Barbalha, Crato e Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará. Utilizou-se de entrevista semiestruturada, que contemplou dados biosociodemográficos; dificuldades enfrentadas; formação acadêmica e atividades realizadas. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo. As falas denotaram que há dificuldades decorrentes tanto das condições de trabalho oferecidas quanto da formação acadêmica. A formação dá suporte para uma atuação clínica individualizante. A prática gira em torno do acolhimento e atendimento psicológico. Percebe-se atuação com alcance limitado no que concerne ao desenvolvimento da autonomia e da efetivação dos direitos dos usuários, sinalizando-se para importância de os profissionais recorrerem a versões de Psicologia mais politizadas e comprometidas com os sujeitos em condição de vulnerabilidade social.