. His doctoral thesis deals with the current conditions and consequences of military spending in the long term in Spain.
A B S T R A C TThe substantial resources devoted to warfare in modern times might explain the increasing relevance that military spending has acquired in social sciences. In this regard, the so-called defence economics has extensively studied the main determinants of military spending and its main consequences in terms of economic performance and institutional transformations. However, one of the main problems for comparative analysis on the causes and effects of military spending is the lack of long-term homogeneous and comparable data in international panel datasets. This paper contributes to fill in this gap by providing new military spending data on Spain from 1850 to 2009 based on the NATO methodological criterion. It provides total military spending estimates as well as economic and administrative disaggregated figures for most of the period. The data allows reliable international comparisons while also provide new quantitative evidence to better understand the military history of Spain in modern times.Subjets: armies-costs; military spending; Spain-military history-economic history
R E S U MEls quantiosos recursos destinats al finançament de les guerres contemporànies han donat lloc a una creixent rellevància de la despesa militar dins de l'àmbit de les ciències socials. Entre elles, l'anomenada economia de la defensa ha estudiat extensament els principals determinants de la despesa militar, així com les seves principals con-4 seqüències a nivell econòmic i els seus efectes en termes de transformacions institucionals. Tanmateix, l'absència de panells de dades internacionals suficientment homogenis i comparables a llarg termini ha limitat l'abast de les anàlisis comparatives. L'article que aquí es presenta contribueix a cobrir aquesta mancança mitjançant la presentació de noves series de dades de despesa militar a Espanya des del 1850 fins al 2009. Basades en el criteri metodològic de la OTAN, les noves series proveeixen estimacions de la despesa militar total espanyola, així com de les respectives desagregacions econòmiques i administratives de bona part del període. Les noves series permeten realitzar comparacions internacionals més fiables, alhora que proporcionen nova evidència quantitativa que pot contribuir al millor coneixement de la història militar contemporània d'Espanya.Descriptors: exèrcits-costos; despeses militars; Espanya-història militar
R E S U M E NLos cuantiosos recursos destinados a la financiación de las guerras contemporáneas han dado lugar a una creciente relevancia del gasto militar dentro del ámbito de las ciencias sociales. Entre ellas, la llamada economía de la defensa ha estudiado extensamente los principales determinantes del gasto militar, así como sus principales consecuencias a nivel económico y sus efectos en términos de transformaciones institucionales. Sin embargo, la ausencia de paneles de datos internacionales suficientemente homogéneos y comparables ...
This paper studies the impact of inflation on income taxes in Sweden, the UK, and the United States during the world wars. As tax reforms were rising top marginal rates and reducing exemption thresholds, extraordinary levels of inflation eroded the real value of exemptions, brackets, and deductions. The micro-simulation of actual and alternative scenarios shows that inflation made the tax less progressive, particularly in Sweden during World War I and the UK during World War II. Nevertheless, its redistributive effect increased due to the related growth in tax revenue. Inflation contributed to transform a “class tax’’ into a “mass tax”.
Previous research shows that wars contributed to the expansion of state revenues in the Early Modern period and in the twentieth century. There are, however, few cross-national studies on the long nineteenth century. Using new unbalanced panel data on wars and public revenues from 1816 to 1913 for 27 American and European countries, this article provides new evidence that military conflicts very rarely triggered lasting increases in public revenues during those years. We argue that the uneven diffusion of military innovations reduced the probability that international wars would be sufficiently intense to push state actors to seek additional resources. Moreover, the distinction between international and civil wars was blurred by the opportunities for non-state actors to mobilize military forces comparable to those of the state. Therefore, only very intense international and civil wars had a lasting impact on state revenues, but such conflicts were extremely rare, both in Europe and the Americas.
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