BackgroundLow adherence to Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guideline recommendations has been reported worldwide. There has been no study on the adherence to GOLD guidelines for COPD treatment in Turkey.ObjectivesTo investigate the rates of adherence to GOLD 2010 guidelines for COPD treatment among pulmonologists.DesignA multi-center, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out in eleven pulmonary outpatient clinics across Turkey. Adherence to GOLD was evaluated through hospital records. Demographic and clinical data were recorded.ResultsStudy included 719 patients (mean age: 62.9±9.7 years; males 85.4%) of whom 16 was classified as GOLD Stage I, 238 as II, 346 as III, and 119 as IV, and only 59.5% received appropriate treatment. Rates of guideline adherence varied across GOLD stages (I, 6.3%; II, 14.7%; III, 84.4%; and IV, 84%). Causes of inappropriate therapies were overtreatment (Stage I, 100% and Stage II, 91.1%), undertreatment (Stage III, 3.3% and Stage IV, 10.9%) and lack of treatment (Stage II, 3.8%; Stage III, 2.3%; and Stage IV, 5.9%). The most preferred regimen (43.4%) was long-acting β2-agonist-inhaled corticosteroid-long-acting muscarinic antagonist. Overall, 614 patients (89%) received treatment containing inhaled corticosteroid.ConclusionPulmonologists in Turkey have low rates of adherence to GOLD guidelines in COPD treatment. Inappropriateness of therapies was due to overtreatment in early stages and excessive use of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in all disease stages.
Professional soccer is the world's most popular sport; a number of National Leagues are under the control of National Associations. The economic theory behind soccer is the continuing competition to earn much more than other sports do in the sports market. Since the supply of talent is limited, teams' demand for certain professionals is so strong that it leads to salary differences between players. Therefore, in this study, attention is given to the determinants of the differences in workers' salaries in the Major League Soccer labor market using Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimation on panel data from 2007 to 2016. Birth place is the most influential determinant of a player's salary, along with a player's position, a player's age, whether the player has a national team duty, and the number of games in which the player started in the first eleven. Conversely, moving from one Major League Soccer team to another and the number of games played as a substitute have a negative effect on players' salaries.
Yaşlanan dünya ile birlikte yaşanan gelişmeler birer dönüm noktası olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Sanayi devrimi, büyük buhran, dünya savaşları, teknolojik devrim son 150 yıl için birer çağ özelliği taşımaktadır. Bu çağlar toplumun yaşam tarzında, satın alma davranışında farklılıklar ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu farklılıkların ortaya konulması karar alıcılardan işletmelerin pazarlama, insan kaynakları, üretim birimleri için önemlidir. Aynı dönemde doğanlar arasında ortak özellikler daha çok arttığı için de her jenerasyon için "yeni nesil" "kuşak" terimi kullanılmaktadır. Her kuşağın kendi değerleri, tutumları, davranışları, sosyal yaşamı, tüketimi, alışkanlıkları, dünya görüşünün farklılığı ret edilemez gerçektir. İçinde bulunduğumuz dönem ise daha çok Y kuşağının hâkim olduğu ve peşinden Z kuşağının geldiği dönemdir. Son 50 yılda dünya genelindeki nüfusun artışı, Y kuşağının büyük ölçüde artmasına ve dünyanın en büyük nüfus payına sahip olmasına neden olmuştur. Genç olan bu tüketici grubunun hızlı tüketim alışkanlıkları içinde gıda ürünleri ve hizmetleri tüketiminin yerini bilmek ve belirlemek de önemlidir. Bu çalışma, tüketicilerin önemli bir kısmını oluşturan bu kuşağın gıda ürünleri satın alma, karar ve davranış özelliklerini genel olarak ortaya koymak amacıyla 8-37 yaş grubunda bulunan ve Adana merkezinde yaşayan 300 kişi ile anket yapılmıştır. Katılımcıların %50,7'si kadınlardır, %45,7'si tam zamanlı çalışmaktadır; %60,7'si haftada en az 1 kez ev dışında yemek yemekte ve ev dışı yemek için katılımcıların %84'ü 100-500 TL aylık harcama yapmaktadır. Et ağırlıklı geleneksel mutfak (kebap, ciğer, döner vb.) en çok tercih edilen yemek türü olarak belirlenmiştir. Söz konusu örneklem grubu, gıda ürünlerinde yenilikçi olmayan, sağlıklı beslenmeyi sadece söylemde kabul eden ancak gıda güvenilirliği ile ilgili bilinçi olan kişilerden oluşmaktadır.
The competition among enterprises in the today's business world is acquiring more different dimensions day by day. The enterprises which maintain especially their technology-oriented activities are experiencing a period in which it is not possible for them to be one step ahead from their competitors through only improvements in their technological infrastructures. The competition wars in the telecommunication sector of which importance and potential is great as well are observed to be performed over physical evidence which constitutes one of the significant elements of the marketing mix (7P). Within this scope, the study was implemented to the telecommunication sector which shows an oligopoly market property in Turkey. The purpose of the study is to reveal the effects of the servicescape on the target audience in the telecommunication sector. The study was carried out in the Shopping Malls in the province of Adana by taking into consideration the brands of Turkcell, Vodafone and Turk Telekom which are carrying on their business in the telecommunication sector in Turkey. As a result of this study, reviewable 400 surveys were obtained and within this scope, descriptive statistics were used for the demographic information and simple linear regression analysis were implemented for total 4 scales which include 21 judgments. According to the data of hypothesis test, servicescape was observed to have positive effects on the perceived quality, brand image, brand loyalty.
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