IVTA provided relatively improved recovery of visual acuity and relatively rapid resolution of optic disc swelling in a small sample of patients with acute NAION. It did not provide visual field improvement. A larger trial is merited by the results of this small pilot study.

Besides the overall integrity of IS/OS line and the length of disruption, loss of foveal IS/OS and external limiting membrane integrity are also noteworthy in cases with CSC. Hyperreflective dots and retinal pigment epithelium hypertrophy are closely associated with BCVA in cases with CSC. Analysis of the subgroups has shown that morphologic changes that persist until the late phases of the disease could potentially affect the visual outcome.

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Pars plana vitrectomy with peeling of the ILM and epiretinal membrane leads to the resolution of macular oedema in the majority of eyes. This however, is not always associated with VA improvement. In diabetic eyes, cystoid type of macular oedema appears to be a poor prognostic factor for improved VA.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of intravitreal and sub-Tenon (ST) posterior triamcinolone injection in the treatment of bilateral diabetic diffuse macular edema (DDME). Methods: 28 eyes of 14 diabetic patients with bilateral DDME were included in this prospective randomized study. One eye of each individual received a sub-Tenon (ST) posterior triamcinolone injection (ST group), whereas the fellow eye received an intravitreal triamcinolone injection (IV group). All eyes were treated with supplementary focal laser after the injections. Cases were evaluated 1, 2, 3 and 6 months after the initial treatment. Results: Both groups had visual improvement and macular edema reduction following the injections. This temporary effect was prominent for 24 weeks in the IV group and for 8 weeks in the ST group. Edema resorption and visual improvement were more pronounced in the IV group, although this difference was not statistically significant. No major complications were observed except for moderate and reversible intraocular pressure elevation in some cases. Conclusion: Both intravitreal and ST injections of triamcinolone appear to yield a significant visual recovery and prompt resolution of DDME. The beneficial outcome appears to be more longstanding with intravitreal injection.

Out of 49 patients diagnosed as having Stargardt's disease that have been clinically reviewed, 22 of these cases have been followed for a period up to 13 years. The cases have been studied in three subgroups, according to their fundus appearance. Patients from group I were those whose lesions were confined to the macula, showing no flecks in the retina. In group II the macular lesion was surrounded by perimacular flecks and in group III fundus flavimaculatus flecks were seen, diffusely scattered in the posterior pole. It appears that the prognosis of group I is better than the other groups, where surrounding flecks are seen in addition to the macular lesion. The follow-up indicates that the disease evolves with a rather large spectrum of expressivity. Assessment of a predictive factor for the evolution of the disease is not yet possible. However, the observation of a dark choroid appears to be strongly suggestive for a further centrifugal progression of the disease.

During the follow-up period of the study, intravitreal TA as an adjunct in the treatment of concomitant non-high-risk PDR and diffuse CSMO led to a more-favourable clinical outcome than conventional laser treatment.

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