The major problem with the simultaneous improvement of yield with higher fiber quality is the negative association due to the linkage and pleiotropic effects between lint yield components and fiber quality parameters. The objectives of this research were to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) of parents and specific combining abilities (SCA) of hybrids for fiber quality parameters and within-boll yield components, and to determine the association of fiber quality parameters with basic within-boll lint yield components. In this study, eight cotton cultivars and 15 F 1 hybrids obtained by crossing five lines and three testers in the line × tester mating system during 2006 were planted in a randomized block design with four replications in 2007. The predominance of non-additive gene action was estimated for all traits except for the upper half mean fiber length (UHM), fiber strength, and seeds per boll, which were controlled by an additive type gene action due to the high GCA variance. Among the parents, 'Askabat-100' and 'Carmen' were the best general combiners for fiber length, strength, and uniformity index (UI). Additionally, 'GW Teks' and 'Sahin-2000' were determined to be good combiners for lint weight per seed (L/S) and spinnable fibers per seed (F/S). The SCA effects showed that the best specific combination was 'Sealand-542' × 'Sahin-2000' and 'TAM 94L-25' × 'SG-125' for lint percentage, L/S, and lint weight unit per seed surface area. The most important fiber quality parameters, UHM, fiber strength, and UI, were negatively associated with the most basic within-boll lint yield components, L/S, and F/S.
Drought stress is one of the most limiting factors in agricultural productivity because of its highly negative effect on photosynthesis and growth of plants. The main objectives of this study were to determine the performance of four selected safflower genotypes (Remzibey, Dinçer, Balcı and TRE-ASL09/14) against drought stress. The relationship between water use efficiency (WUE) and δ 13 C (isotope discrimination) was investigated under well watered (60%) and drought stress (30%) irrigation in controlled conditions in a green house. The result showed that drought stress clearly reduced plant biomass, leaf area, leaf number, relative water content (RWC), specific leaf weight (SLW), WUE and δ 13 C in all genotypes, while chlorophyll increased under drought stress. There were significant differences between performances of all safflower genotypes in terms of response to drought stress. High WUE and low δ 13 C discrimination under drought stress were inversely associated with a strong regression relationship (R 2 =0.75). The analysis of δ 13 C revealed a substantial variation in water use efficiency among the genotypes under drought stress. It was revealed that low δ 13 C discrimination types had high WUE, RWC and total biomass under drought stress. Thus, the ability of the low δ 13 C genotypes (high water use efficiency, WUE) to maintain higher RWC may provide a good indication of the differences in drought tolerance of safflower genotypes differing in δ 13 C. Overall, on the basis of the consistent percentage reductions in plant heights, total dry weight, leaf area, RWC, WUE and low δ 13 C, the TRE-ASL09/14 new breeding line was found to be more drought tolerant when compared with the other safflower hybrids under drought stress. As a result of our study it is suggested that there is a strong relationship between WUE and lower δ 13 C under drought stress, indicating that it may be used as a selection criterion for developing safflower genotypes with drought tolerance.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between aflatoxin and fatty acids and to determine the optimum harvest time to avoid pre-harvest aflatoxin formation. It was established that harvest time had statistically significant effects on the levels of saturated fatty acids: myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), stearic acid (C18:0), arachidic acid (C20:0), behenic acid (C22:0), lignoceric acid (C24:0), monounsaturated fatty acids; palmitoleic acid (C16:1), heptadecenoic acid (C17:1), oleic acid (C18:1) and gadoleic acid (C20:1); and on polyunsaturated fatty acids: linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3). By delaying the harvest time, the ratio of saturated fatty acids decreased and unsaturated fatty acids increased. It was shown that the longer harvesting was delayed, the greater the quantity of oleic acid that was produced. Before harvest time, if the soil moisture was 5% or higher, aflatoxin was produced by fungi. It was found that the weather conditions of the region were suitable for aflatoxin production. Soil moisture appears to be more important than soil temperature for aflatoxin formation. The production of aflatoxin was not observed in the first and second harvests, both of which are at early harvest times. It was found that aflatoxin B1 during harvest time was the most significant of the four toxins. The third harvest time, which is the most widely used, was observed to have significant problems due to aflatoxin formation. Therefore, it is suggested as a result of this study that the harvest of peanuts must be done considering seed yield before the middle of September to avoid aflatoxin formation at harvest time.
Sunflower is an important oilseed crop because of its wide adaptability, suitability to mechanization, low labor needs and high protein and oil contents. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between growing degree days and yield and yield components in different sunflower hybrids and to identify environmental factors and crop characteristics that affect grain yield in sunflower without irrigation in Berlin environmental conditions. The study was conducted in the experiment fields at the Crop Science Department of the Agriculture and Horticulture Faculty of Humboldt University during 2010. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design, with four blocks of plots of eight Turkish cultivars (Sanbro, Tarsan, DKF-2525, TR-3080, EDR-08-01, EDR-08-02, EDR-08-03, EDR-08-04) and two German cultivars (Pegasol, NK Delfi). It was determined that the differences among all the sunflower cultivars were statistically significant for plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, 1000 seed weight, dry matter, harvest index, seed yield per plant, seed yield, leaf number, GDD (Growing Degree Days) and sun radiation. The highest mean stem diameter, harvest index and 1000 seed weight were obtained from Pegasol. NK-Delfi had the highest mean head diameter and consequently the highest seed yield (3,876.6 kg ha-1), followed by DKF-2525 and Sanbro (3,498.7 and 3412.9 kg ha-1 , respectively). The sunflower cultivars required between 127 and 137 days, 2,263.57°C GDD and 927.54 h sunshine radiation from planting to maturity, as the mean of all the cultivars. Generally, the seed yields of the Turkish candidate genotypes were lower than those of the other sunflower cultivars. The seed yield of these genotypes can be improved with another agriculture method. The rainfall and cold weather in May slowed the growth of sunflower and also the rainfall and cold weather in August
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